Team:CGU Taiwan/Design
Design
Project Design
Leijuvant is a whole new kind of adjuvant that uses Leishmania as an effective T cell stimulator. Leishmania is a parasite that specifically lives within macrophage, a professional antigen presenting cell (APC). As a potential vaccine adjuvant, Leishmania possess many advantages, including APC recruitment, pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation, inflammasome activation, activation of MHC-presenting pathway and most important of all, T cell activation[1],[2],[3]. We adapted a combinational approach by loading the Leishmania DT mutants both endogenously and exogenously with different chemicals. After the chemicals are illuminated by specific wavelength of light, double-photo inactivation will kill Leishmania thoroughly. Thus, transgenic mutant of Leishmania that can be inactivated by light exposure acts as a safe carrier to deliver specific antigens to APCs[4].
Photo-inactivated Leishmania has been proven to activate CD8 and CD4 T cells[5]. However, further activation of B cells has not been confirmed. As a vaccine adjuvant, persistent antibody production against specific antigen is an essential parameter in evaluating vaccine efficacy. B cell needs the stimulation from both the intact antigen and antigen-specific CD4 T cell simultaneously in order to differentiate into plasma cell in producing antibodies.Therefore, we hypothesized that genetically engineered Leishmania that express specific antigen can serve as an adjuvant that deliver antigens into APCs.
The photo-inactivated Leishmania will be engulfed by APCs and activate T cells via MHC molecules. With the company of intact vaccine antigen, they can stimulate B cell form both ways and induce antibody production.
The photo-inactivated Leishmania will be engulfed by APCs and activate T cells via MHC molecules. With the company of intact vaccine antigen, they can stimulate B cell form both ways and induce antibody production.
Experimental design
Our experiments can be divided into four main parts:
- Ecoli-Leishmania shuttle vector-the Leishmania antigen expression system
- In vivo test for validation of our concept of LEIJUVANT
- In vitro test for proving our software prediction system, McHug, and our concept
- As for the social experiments, we designed questionnaires to study the public's general knowledge level on vaccines
In order to use Leishmania to deliver antigen into APCs to further activate immune response, we designed an E. coli-Leishmania shuttle vector to carry the antigen sequence into Leishmania through electroporation. Successfully tranfected Leishmania was isolated by drug selection and then subjected to double-photo inactivation. After insuring the death of Leishmania, we tested its effects on antibody production and T cell response through in vivo experiments. We co-injected Leijuvant with OVA protein subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice. We also performed in vitro experiments to identify antigen peptide sequences binding to MHC molecules by mass spectrometry. It will validate the accuracy of our McHug prediction system.
To launch a medical product, it must go through multiple processes including R&D, scale-up production, risk-benefit assessment, and public perception survey. Thus, we visited professionals in different divisions of vaccine industries to learn more details about vaccine research and development as well as their opinions on our project. We also carried out a survey to acquire public perception toward our product and their knowledge on vaccines.
References:
1. Lima-Junior, D.S., et al., Inflammasome-derived IL-1[beta] production induces nitric oxide-mediated resistance to Leishmania. Nat Med, 2013. 19(7): p. 909-915.
2. Srivastava, S., et al., Leishmania expressed lipophosphoglycan interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 to decrease TLR-9 expression and reduce anti-leishmanial responses. Clin Exp Immunol, 2013. 172(3): p. 403-9.
3. Lang, T., et al., Distribution of MHC class I and of MHC class II molecules in macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis. J Cell Sci, 1994. 107 ( Pt 1): p. 69-82.
4. Dutta, S., K. Waki, and K.P. Chang, Combinational sensitization of Leishmania with uroporphyrin and aluminum phthalocyanine synergistically enhances their photodynamic inactivation in vitro and in vivo. Photochem Photobiol, 2012. 88(3): p. 620-5.
5. Dutta, S., et al., Intracellular targeting specificity of novel phthalocyanines assessed in a host-parasite model for developing potential photodynamic medicine. PLoS One, 2011. 6(6): p. e20786.
1. Lima-Junior, D.S., et al., Inflammasome-derived IL-1[beta] production induces nitric oxide-mediated resistance to Leishmania. Nat Med, 2013. 19(7): p. 909-915.
2. Srivastava, S., et al., Leishmania expressed lipophosphoglycan interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 to decrease TLR-9 expression and reduce anti-leishmanial responses. Clin Exp Immunol, 2013. 172(3): p. 403-9.
3. Lang, T., et al., Distribution of MHC class I and of MHC class II molecules in macrophages infected with Leishmania amazonensis. J Cell Sci, 1994. 107 ( Pt 1): p. 69-82.
4. Dutta, S., K. Waki, and K.P. Chang, Combinational sensitization of Leishmania with uroporphyrin and aluminum phthalocyanine synergistically enhances their photodynamic inactivation in vitro and in vivo. Photochem Photobiol, 2012. 88(3): p. 620-5.
5. Dutta, S., et al., Intracellular targeting specificity of novel phthalocyanines assessed in a host-parasite model for developing potential photodynamic medicine. PLoS One, 2011. 6(6): p. e20786.
