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| − | <h1>Description</h1>
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| − | <p class="title1" style="text-align:center">In this section, we describe the background and our Uranium Reaper project in brief. We advise you to have a quick overall understanding of our project before viewing result pages. </p>
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| − | <div class="texttitle">Overview</div>
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| − | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">Uranium (U), which is a radionuclide and heavy metal elemant, has been released into the environment in increasing amounts, mainly due to activities related to the booming nuclear industry<sup>1</sup>. This has resulted in persistent anthropogenic uranium contamination<sup>2</sup>, which contributes to ecotoxicological problems<sup>3</sup>, environmental degradation<sup>4</sup> and could cause severe negative health effects. Inhalation, ingestion<sup>5</sup> and skin contact are the main routes of uranium exposure<sup>6</sup>, and this, combined with a tendency to accumulate in the body <sup>7</sup>, as well as uranium’s radioactivity and heavy-metal toxicity<sup>8</sup>, often leads to significant adverse health effects on the human body, including DNA damage<sup>9</sup>, reproductive toxicity<sup>10-12</sup> and nephrotoxicity, inter alia<sup>13</sup>. Therefore, wastewater containing uranium must be thoroughly treated in order to prevent the release of uranium contamination into the environment<sup>14</sup>.</p>
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| − | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">Several physical, biological and chemical methods have been developed for the removal of uranium from aqueous waste. These include physico-chemical methods such as ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, precipitation, flocculation etc. <sup>18</sup>, or phytoremediation<sup>1,15</sup>, rhizofiltration and other types of bioremediation<sup>16,17</sup>. However, these methods are often expensive, time-consuming and tedious, or of insufficient efficiency for the treatment of large volumes of wastewater with low concentrations of the target contaminants<sup>19</sup>.After interviewing the Hunan Nuclear Geology 311 Brigade, a geological exploration unit with Grade A qualification in Hunan Province of China, it became apparent that the favored method of dealing with excavation sites consists of simply filling the ground with fresh soil and growing appropriate plants on it<sup>20,21</sup>. This minimalist approach is likely also favored due to the high-cost of the alternative methods mentioned above. Hence, efforts are needed to develop suitable alternative technologies to complement or replace the existing methods<sup>19</sup>.</p>
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| − | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">To obviate such shortcomings, the Peking iGEM 2016 team developed a novel remediation method, Uranium Reaper, which could remove uranyl ions (the predominant form of aqueous uranium) <sup>15,22,23</sup>, with high efficiency at an affordable cost, thus offering great convenience. Uranium Reaper utilizes a smart covalent crosslinking hydrogel which is able to self-assemble in aqueous solution. The addition of biotin-coated magnetic particles to the solution enables the clearance of the complex self-assembled uranium-containing hydrogel by a simple magnet. In this way, uranium pollution is alleviated and the uranyl ions could be cleared and enriched for further use.</p>
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| − | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">Materials modeled on Uranyl Reaper are not limited to uranium remediation, and could obtain endless functions and applications by attaching different modules of interest to the autonomously covalently cross-linking protein hydrogel. For example, by replacing SUP with Cadmium-Binding Protein (CBP) or Lead-Binding Protein (LBP) <sup>24,25</sup>, this bio-functional hydrogel is capable of adsorbing a variety of heavy metals<sup>26</sup> as confirmed by our experiments. By complementing the leaching and elution circuit in mining, this hydrogel would simplify the mining procedures and reduce the amount of contaminated wastewater produced<sup>27,28</sup>. What’s more, by optimizing the number of crosslinking modules, it may be possible to use similar biomaterials for 3D printing. We also aimed to develop a Uranium Reaper Kit, in order to facillitate the use of the material worldwide.</p>
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| − | <p>the overall illustrations</p>
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| − | <div class="texttitle">Important sections</div>
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| − | <h3>Sampling of waste water</h3>
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| − | <p> Uranium, a heavy metal element, is weakly radioactive and poses a threat to both the environment and human health. A person can be exposed to uranium by inhaling dust in the air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. Long-term exposure to uranium increases the risk of various diseases and health issues including cancer, kidney problems and immune system damage. </p>
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| − | <h3>Design</h3>
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| − | <p>To alleviate these problems, the Peking iGEM team aims to construct a novel functional biological material, which can absorb uranyl ion with the employment of a specific uranium-binding protein. With some modification, the design can be applied to deal with uranyl ion in polluted water and soil, demonstrating its impressive potential. We believe that the material can effectively solve the increasingly serious uranium pollution in the near future.</p>
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| − | <img class="home_img" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/e/e6/T--Peking--images_description_bacterial.png" alt=""/>
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| − | <h3>Protein Secretion</h3>
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| − | <p> Uranium, a heavy metal element, is weakly radioactive and poses a threat to both the environment and human health. A person can be exposed to uranium by inhaling dust in the air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. Long-term exposure to uranium increases the risk of various diseases and health issues including cancer, kidney problems and immune system damage. </p>
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| − | <h3>Network Formation</h3>
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| − | <p>To alleviate these problems, the Peking iGEM team aims to construct a novel functional biological material, which can absorb uranyl ion with the employment of a specific uranium-binding protein. With some modification, the design can be applied to deal with uranyl ion in polluted water and soil, demonstrating its impressive potential. We believe that the material can effectively solve the increasingly serious uranium pollution in the near future.</p>
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| − | <img class="home_img" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/d/de/T--Peking--images_description_Network_formation.png" alt=""/>
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| − | <img class="home_img" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/c/c2/T--Peking--images_description_harvest.png" alt=""/>
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| − | <h3>Harvest</h3>
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| − | <p> Uranium, a heavy metal element, is weakly radioactive and poses a threat to both the environment and human health. A person can be exposed to uranium by inhaling dust in the air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. Long-term exposure to uranium increases the risk of various diseases and health issues including cancer, kidney problems and immune system damage. </p>
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| − | <h3>Modularization</h3>
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| − | <p>To alleviate these problems, the Peking iGEM team aims to construct a novel functional biological material, which can absorb uranyl ion with the employment of a specific uranium-binding protein. With some modification, the design can be applied to deal with uranyl ion in polluted water and soil, demonstrating its impressive potential. We believe that the material can effectively solve the increasingly serious uranium pollution in the near future.</p>
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| − | <div class="five columns">
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| − | <img class="home_img" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/e/e6/T--Peking--images_modularization.png" alt=""/>
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| − | <div class="references">
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| − | <h3>References:</h3>
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| − | <p>
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| − | [1] Piyush Malaviya, Asha Singh. Phytoremediation Strategies for Remediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments: A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology, volume 42(24), 2575-2647 (2012)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [2] Merkel B. Long term fate of uranium tailings in mountain areas. Uranium in the Environment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 47-56 (2006)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [3] Antunes S C, Figueiredo D R D, Marques S M, et al. Evaluation of water column and sediment toxicity from an abandoned uranium mine using a battery of bioassays. Science of the Total Environment, 374(2-3):252-259 (2007)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [4] Boulois H D D, Joner E J, Leyval C, et al. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on uranium accumulation by plants. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99(5):775-84 (2008)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [5] Neves O, Abreu M M, Vicente E M. Uptake of Uranium by Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) in Natural Uranium Contaminated Soils in Order to Assess Chemical Risk for Consumers. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 195(1):73-84 (2008)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [6] Anke M, Seeber O, Müller R, et al. Uranium transfer in the food chain from soil to plants, animals and man. Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 69(1):75-90 (2009)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [7] Schnug E, Steckel H, Haneklaus S. Contribution of uranium in drinking waters to the daily uranium intake of humans - A case study from Northern Germany. Landbauforschung Volkenrode, 55(4) (2005)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [8] Kratz S, Schnug E. Rock phosphates and P fertilizers as sources of U contamination in agricultural soils. Uranium in the Environment. 57-67 (2006)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [9] Chang P, Kim K W, Yoshida S, et al. Uranium accumulation of crop plants enhanced by citric acid. Environmental Geochemistry & Health, 27(5-6):529-38 (2005)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [10] Bednar A J, Medina V F, Ulmer-Scholle D S, et al. Effects of organic matter on the distribution of uranium in soil and plant matrices. Chemosphere, 70(2):237-47 (2007)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [11] Arfsten D P, Still K R, Ritchie G D. A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development. Toxicology & Industrial Health,2001, 17(5-10):180-91 (2001)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [12] Sztajnkrycer M D, Otten E J. Chemical and radiological toxicity of depleted uranium. Military Medicine, 169(3):212-6 (2004)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [13] Craft E S, Abuqare A W, Flaherty M M, et al. DEPLETED AND NATURAL URANIUM: CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health Part B, 7(4):297-317 (2004)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [14] Jing B, Yao H, Fan F, et al. Biosorption of uranium by chemically modified Rhodotorula glutinis. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101(11):969-973 (2010)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [15] Stojanovic´, M. D, Stevanovic´, D. R, Milojkovic´, J. V, et al. Phytotoxic Effect of the Uranium on the Growing Up and Development the Plant of Corn. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 209(1):401-410 (2010)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [16] Xie S, Yang J, Chen C, et al. Study on biosorption kinetics and thermodynamics of uranium by Citrobacter freudii. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99(1):126-33 (2008)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [17] Newsome L, Morris K, Lloyd J R. The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides. Chemical Geology, 363(1):164-184 (2014)
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| − | </p><p>
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| − | [18] Bhalara P D, Punetha D, Balasubramanian K. A review of potential remediation techniques for uranium(VI) ion retrieval from contaminated aqueous environment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2(3):1621-1634 (2014)
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