Difference between revisions of "Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated Practices/Process"
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| − | {{:Team:Aix-Marseille/Template-Top|Our process}} | + | {{:Team:Aix-Marseille/Template-Top|Our process}} |
| + | #[[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/history|Metals importance throughout history]] | ||
| + | #[[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Mines|Platinum in mines]] | ||
| + | #[[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Industry|Platinum in industry]] | ||
| + | #[[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|Platinum in the environment]] | ||
| + | #[[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process|Our process]] | ||
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| + | In this page we developed all estimation and reflexion we made around our process. Thanks to Pr. Sigoillot from the INRA (The French National Institute of Agronomy) we have been able to carry out a relevant process engineering study around application our process could permit. | ||
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| + | <html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hx-6EPR5es0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> | ||
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| + | '''For the detailed interview with Pr.Sigoillot see [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process/interview here]'''. | ||
==Our Process is applicable on many ways== | ==Our Process is applicable on many ways== | ||
'''Our process concentrate metals, especially platinum and transform it into a highly valuable form, nanoparticles.''' | '''Our process concentrate metals, especially platinum and transform it into a highly valuable form, nanoparticles.''' | ||
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To obtain this valuable product, our process begin with raw, worthless, and plentiful materials that can be found almost anywhere since the accumulation due to the catalyst converter occurs everywhere there is a car traffic (urban and road areas). The substrates can be harvest directly in the environment, as some of them presents impressive concentrations like the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|road dust]] or the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|air borne dust]]. | To obtain this valuable product, our process begin with raw, worthless, and plentiful materials that can be found almost anywhere since the accumulation due to the catalyst converter occurs everywhere there is a car traffic (urban and road areas). The substrates can be harvest directly in the environment, as some of them presents impressive concentrations like the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|road dust]] or the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|air borne dust]]. | ||
However,it would be much more relevant to integrate our process at the end of an already existing process of treatment, to plug it to the actual network of process. Moreover, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|solutions]] of phytoremediation provide a lot of substrates and by-products our project could start from. As most of our process occurs in a controlled environment almost any substrate could be convenient to enter in our process. We could start our process just after the incineration of phytoremedial [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|plants]] or on the digestat produced by a [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|methanisation]] | However,it would be much more relevant to integrate our process at the end of an already existing process of treatment, to plug it to the actual network of process. Moreover, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|solutions]] of phytoremediation provide a lot of substrates and by-products our project could start from. As most of our process occurs in a controlled environment almost any substrate could be convenient to enter in our process. We could start our process just after the incineration of phytoremedial [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|plants]] or on the digestat produced by a [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Environment|methanisation]] | ||
| − | + | If the raw materials change (substrate), only [[#The Source (step1)|the first step]] of our project would change if the basic matter change. The advantage of our process is its easiness of integration into current treatment process. Set up our process would not need a lot of changes in actual facilities. | |
| − | Indeed our process could | + | |
| + | In this part we ll'detail an industrialized process of what we plan to test in lab condition. We are thankfull to Mr.Sigoillot, who advised us wisely in the choice of which process could be more developed in particular, see the interview [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process/interview here]. | ||
| + | We'll focus on a process started from sewage sludge. Indeed, choosing sewage sludge as a source of platinum bring another benefit: it will remove platinum from sludges. Nowadays, '''sludge are so concentrated in metals that it can't be spread on field for valorisation''' and as a result, sludge are often burnt and ashes are kept in specialized confinement centers, thus making the treatment very expensive and not sustainable. So our process can remove metals aiming to recover it and doing so our process will also achieve the purpose to rid metals from sludges. Moreover, sewage sludge treatment is a payed service by institutions who needs to get rid of it (municipality, motorway operating...) so with this source of platinum our process will start with an already positive financial balance! Of courses polluting metals, preventing spreading in field are many and our process is currently designed to recover specifically and only platinum. But our process is extremely versatile and each step of our process can be modified to be specific of another metal (see video below). | ||
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| + | <html><video width="480" controls src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/6/6b/T--Aix-Marseille--Processinterview7.mp4"></html> | ||
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| + | As you will discover in the process, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Siderophore_mediated_leaching| step 4]] involves a [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Design#Mobilisation_by_a_siderophore siderophore] that could be specific to another metal. Likewise, the biosorption occurred in the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Biosorption|step 9]] involves [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Design#Biosorption_and_reduction_using_flagellin_and_peptides small metals catching peptids], that can be used to catch far more other metals that just only platinum. | ||
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| + | '''During all the explanation of the process, examples displayed ''in italic'' are considered for the recovery of '''1g''' of pure platinum.''' | ||
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| + | ==The Source== | ||
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| + | Sewage sludge are obtained daily in high amounts, all over the world, as effluents treatment is obviously a continued process. Indeed this source is '''abondant''' and '''inexhaustible''', as in almost every city around the world, effluents are treated and sewage sludges are collected. In most of the cases, when metals concentrations in sludges are too high to perform a valorization in the environnement as spreading on fields, the procedure is to stock sludges in a confined place. To reduce the stock volume, sludges are burnt.This step is precisely where our process could be connected to the effluents treatment process network. in some case, the incineration may not be realized yet, so our process should include a incineration step. | ||
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| + | [[File:T--Aix-Marseille--maquette2.jpeg|800px|center|thumb| Model of facilities of our process. All important elements in the life cycle of platinum, except for the step of production (mines) are displayed here: road, effluents treatment plants, field for spreading of sludge and of course, the facilities where our process would occur]] | ||
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| + | ''If we want to harvest '''1g''' of initial platinum, '''1161kg''' to '''3676 kg''' of sewage sludge ashes should be necessary( see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Required_mass_of_sludge_ashes| Raw Calculations]]). | ||
| − | + | '''In this first step sludges are simply collected from the effluents treatment network and eventually incinerated thus the product here is ashes. | |
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==Bioleaching== | ==Bioleaching== | ||
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So where is the innovation in this step? Firstly, in our case, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] won't be applied on the same materials where is commonly used, in our cases not ores but a leachate of ashes. Basically the main difference will be the metal concentration. | So where is the innovation in this step? Firstly, in our case, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] won't be applied on the same materials where is commonly used, in our cases not ores but a leachate of ashes. Basically the main difference will be the metal concentration. | ||
| − | Secondly, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] is usually synthesized chemically, we'll rather produce it in high amounts with bacteria. Indeed, [ | + | Secondly, [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] is usually synthesized chemically, we'll rather produce it in high amounts with bacteria. Indeed, [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Design#Pathway_of_the_desferrioxamine_B_biosynthesis operon] of the Desferrioxamine B biosynthesis from ''Streptomyces coelicolor'' will be cloned into a E. coli bacteria strains in order to produce it, hence lowering the costs of required basic matter as production by bacteria needs especially an appropriate medium and good growth conditions. |
[[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] is a derivative of diamines moelcule and therefore its [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Experiments|Biosynthesis]] start with an amino acid, lysine. Lysine is quite expansive, and as we are aware about the cost of our process we decided to use a cheap source of lysine the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|corn steep liquor]]. Such a lysine source is already in use in industry since it's cheap, amino acid provided, produced in industrial amounts and well known as a excellent source of nitrogen in growth media. So in this step we hope we could produce [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] in high quantities with a affordable cost. Moreover, successful DFHOB production has been reported using corn steep as a source of nitrogen and amino acids<ref> Mehrabi et al., 2010 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21313893</ref>. | [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] is a derivative of diamines moelcule and therefore its [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Experiments|Biosynthesis]] start with an amino acid, lysine. Lysine is quite expansive, and as we are aware about the cost of our process we decided to use a cheap source of lysine the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|corn steep liquor]]. Such a lysine source is already in use in industry since it's cheap, amino acid provided, produced in industrial amounts and well known as a excellent source of nitrogen in growth media. So in this step we hope we could produce [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] in high quantities with a affordable cost. Moreover, successful DFHOB production has been reported using corn steep as a source of nitrogen and amino acids<ref> Mehrabi et al., 2010 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21313893</ref>. | ||
Following previous uses of [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]], '''78% of platinum''' can be leached with 3mM [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] solution on 100g at 5ppm platinum concentrated ore. That allow us to estimate that in order to reach a 78% yield (max yield obtained) we 'll need to add approximately '''3mg of DFHOB per µg of platinum''' (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Quantities_of_DHOB_per_.C2.B5g_of_platinum|Raw calculations]]). Of course this number a based on leaching on ore sample, so maybe we can expect higher yields for the ashes are probably easier to leach than the ore. | Following previous uses of [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]], '''78% of platinum''' can be leached with 3mM [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] solution on 100g at 5ppm platinum concentrated ore. That allow us to estimate that in order to reach a 78% yield (max yield obtained) we 'll need to add approximately '''3mg of DFHOB per µg of platinum''' (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Quantities_of_DHOB_per_.C2.B5g_of_platinum|Raw calculations]]). Of course this number a based on leaching on ore sample, so maybe we can expect higher yields for the ashes are probably easier to leach than the ore. | ||
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''For a situation of '''1g''' of intial platinum, '''4.68 moles''' of [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] will be needed to leach it (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Quantities_of_DHOB_per_.C2.B5g_of_platinum|Raw calculations]]). '' | ''For a situation of '''1g''' of intial platinum, '''4.68 moles''' of [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]] will be needed to leach it (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Quantities_of_DHOB_per_.C2.B5g_of_platinum|Raw calculations]]). '' | ||
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==Siderophore recoverer addition== | ==Siderophore recoverer addition== | ||
| − | Until this step, except for the incineration in the first step, actions realized in our process were primarily focused on solubilize the platinum by leaching (acid mediated and siderophore mediated). But | + | Until this step, except for the incineration in the first step, actions realized in our process were primarily focused on solubilize the platinum by leaching (acid mediated and siderophore mediated). But if leaching is clearly recommended to improve solubilization of metals, it does not improve the concentrations. |
To do so we'll use the ability of ''Streptomyces coelicolor'' to import specifically the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]]. | To do so we'll use the ability of ''Streptomyces coelicolor'' to import specifically the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|DFHOB]]. | ||
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The aim of its step is the conversion of platinum into its final processed form: nanoparticles. | The aim of its step is the conversion of platinum into its final processed form: nanoparticles. | ||
| − | [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|Biosorption]] can be performed along biological structures since biologic components are known to be excellent sorbents. We planned to perform biosorption along a flagella. Indeed, metallic ions can be sorbed along flagella <ref>Deplanche and al., 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18819156</ref> thus enhancing concentrations. Moreover this step will form nanoparticles because of the reducing power of biological molecules, especially amines contained in proteins is supposed enough to convert ions into reduced (solid) particles. Optimization experiments will determine if this reducing power is sufficient to perform biosorption. If not, a external reducing power could be brought, i.e. by bubbling gaseous hydrogen in the medium. | + | [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Glossary|Biosorption]] can be performed along biological structures since biologic components are known to be excellent sorbents. We planned to perform biosorption along a flagella. Indeed, metallic ions can be sorbed along flagella, see photo.<ref>Deplanche and al., 2008 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18819156</ref> thus enhancing concentrations. [[File:Biosfhsdh.png|300px|left|thumb|Adsorption of the platinum on the flagellum, Deplenche & al. 2008]] Moreover this step will form nanoparticles because of the reducing power of biological molecules, especially amines contained in proteins is supposed enough to convert ions into reduced (solid) particles. Optimization experiments will determine if this reducing power is sufficient to perform biosorption. If not, a external reducing power could be brought, i.e. by bubbling gaseous hydrogen in the medium. |
Experiments should allow to determine which one of the flagella from either ''Escherichia coli'' or from ''Desulfovibrio desulfuricans'' is the best candidate for biosorption. | Experiments should allow to determine which one of the flagella from either ''Escherichia coli'' or from ''Desulfovibrio desulfuricans'' is the best candidate for biosorption. | ||
| − | In order to optimized the formation of nanoparticles and most of all its specificity on platinum, this step should be realized with engineered flagella by our team, containing small [ | + | In order to optimized the formation of nanoparticles and most of all its specificity on platinum, this step should be realized with engineered flagella by our team, containing small [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Design#Biosorption_and_reduction_using_flagellin_and_peptides platinum catching peptids] <ref>Seker and Demir., 2011 http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.gate1.inist.fr/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&sid=77d9b085-94fc-4bd0-8105-229d3ddc0e9c%40sessionmgr4010&hid=4202</ref>. |
Given their specificity, it should be enough to ensure the majority of produced nanoparticles will be made up of platinum ones. | Given their specificity, it should be enough to ensure the majority of produced nanoparticles will be made up of platinum ones. | ||
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once the process is performed, nanoparticles will be display all along flagella, and the levels of ionic platinum particles remained free in the solution should be really low. In fact, in the previous experiments the ratio of platinum mass/flagella mass was 1:1, and the biosorption was complete for all the palladium present in the media (palladium and platinum are very similar elements ans have very similar behaviors). | once the process is performed, nanoparticles will be display all along flagella, and the levels of ionic platinum particles remained free in the solution should be really low. In fact, in the previous experiments the ratio of platinum mass/flagella mass was 1:1, and the biosorption was complete for all the palladium present in the media (palladium and platinum are very similar elements ans have very similar behaviors). | ||
| − | ''In a siuation with 1g of | + | ''In a siuation with 1g of initial platinum, the ashes will be mixed with '''780 mg''' of purified flagella proteins (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Amounts_of_protein_flagella_to_add| Raw calculations]]). '' |
'''This step consist mainly in pouring the ashes in a solution containing engineered purified flagella and incubating with an optimized temperature and duration.''' | '''This step consist mainly in pouring the ashes in a solution containing engineered purified flagella and incubating with an optimized temperature and duration.''' | ||
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The overall complex (nanoparticles+flagella) has a much more higher density than the rest of solution (water and ions), so its isolation will be performed with centrifugation or filtration. As the volume of the fraction of interest should be reduced dramatically (pellet) the concentration in platinum in the isolated fraction should increase in a significant way. However, the more ashes are concentrated the easier will be the separation of the flagella from the rest of solution. If ashes are not concentrated enough, the biosorption won't be performed in good conditions and the volume of ashes should be too important to realize a proper extraction of the flagella. After concentration, the sample is mainly constituted of nanoparticles, hence a very high concentrations. | The overall complex (nanoparticles+flagella) has a much more higher density than the rest of solution (water and ions), so its isolation will be performed with centrifugation or filtration. As the volume of the fraction of interest should be reduced dramatically (pellet) the concentration in platinum in the isolated fraction should increase in a significant way. However, the more ashes are concentrated the easier will be the separation of the flagella from the rest of solution. If ashes are not concentrated enough, the biosorption won't be performed in good conditions and the volume of ashes should be too important to realize a proper extraction of the flagella. After concentration, the sample is mainly constituted of nanoparticles, hence a very high concentrations. | ||
| − | ''In the situation with 1g of initial platinum, the mass of ashes needed to be centrifuged of filtered will be about '''176 kg'''. If biosorption is realized | + | ''In the situation with 1g of initial platinum, the mass of ashes needed to be centrifuged of filtered will be about '''176 kg'''. If biosorption is realized in optimal conditions, the final concentration in platinum will be about '''500 mg/g''', namely an almost pure solution of solid platinum nanoparticles (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Final concentrations|Raw calculations]]''). |
'''This final step rely on a simple centrifugation or filtration with the recollection of the fraction containing the flagella. This pellet is highly enriched in platinum nanoparticles and is actually the processed product.''' | '''This final step rely on a simple centrifugation or filtration with the recollection of the fraction containing the flagella. This pellet is highly enriched in platinum nanoparticles and is actually the processed product.''' | ||
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| − | ''In a situation with 1g of initial platinum, with some further purification steps, the final product from our process could have a merchant value ranging from '''150$''' to '''1,560$ ''' even until '''90,000$''' (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Prices estimations| Raw calculations]]).'' | + | ''In a situation with 1g of initial platinum, with some further purification steps, the final product from our process could have a merchant value ranging from '''150$''' to '''1,560$ ''' even until '''90,000$''' (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Prices estimations|Raw calculations]]).'' |
==Glossary== | ==Glossary== | ||
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'''Bioleaching''' : in simple words, leaching is a metal extraction technique which rely on solubilization of metals ores (ore must be soluble and impurities must be insoluble) in a aqueous solution, by using strong acid solutions. The leachate is the solution containing the solubilized metals of interest. Bioleaching in the same process but involves uses of living organism. | '''Bioleaching''' : in simple words, leaching is a metal extraction technique which rely on solubilization of metals ores (ore must be soluble and impurities must be insoluble) in a aqueous solution, by using strong acid solutions. The leachate is the solution containing the solubilized metals of interest. Bioleaching in the same process but involves uses of living organism. | ||
| − | '''DFHOB''': Desferioxamine B, is a molecule produced by (among others) ''Streptomyces pilosus'' <ref>Müller, Matzanke and Raymond., 1984 https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021137021&origin=inward&txGid=0</ref> able to catch metals (as platinum) with a very high affinity. | + | '''DFHOB''': Desferioxamine B, is a molecule produced by (among others) ''Streptomyces pilosus'' <ref>Müller, Matzanke and Raymond., 1984 https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021137021&origin=inward&txGid=0</ref> able to catch metals (as platinum) with a very high affinity. See the biosynthesis and the cloning process [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Design#Mobilisation_by_a_siderophore here]. |
'''Corn steep liquor''': a by-product of an industrial process (wet-milling) applied on corn kernels. As the kernels are steeped in water solution, the process produce an amino acid, vitamins and minerals enriched solution in high volumes. | '''Corn steep liquor''': a by-product of an industrial process (wet-milling) applied on corn kernels. As the kernels are steeped in water solution, the process produce an amino acid, vitamins and minerals enriched solution in high volumes. | ||
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==Raw calculations== | ==Raw calculations== | ||
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| + | ===Required mass of sludge ashes=== | ||
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| + | Given that the average platinum concentration<ref>Jackson, Prichard and Sampson., 2009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878972</ref> in sludges ashes can range from '''272µg/kg''' to '''602 µg/kg''' | ||
| + | So in order to recover 1g of platinum we need a volume estimated to: V=1000/C°*10^-6 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Volume ashes=1000/272*10^-6=3676470g i.e. '''3676kg''' | ||
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| + | Volume ashes=1000/602*10^-6=1661129g i.e. '''1661kg''' | ||
===Quantities of DHOB per µg of platinum=== | ===Quantities of DHOB per µg of platinum=== | ||
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''-the total of DFHOB to import is 4.68 moles so ((4.68/2.65*10^(-5))/1000)= '''176.6 kg''' of dry cells'' | ''-the total of DFHOB to import is 4.68 moles so ((4.68/2.65*10^(-5))/1000)= '''176.6 kg''' of dry cells'' | ||
| − | ''- as the dry weight is | + | ''- as the dry weight is a tenth of the wet one and that a pellet is composed half by water, the mass of the cell pellet to add will be (176.6*10*2)= '''3532 kg''' '' |
===Concentration in the pellet=== | ===Concentration in the pellet=== | ||
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===Concentration in the pellet ashes=== | ===Concentration in the pellet ashes=== | ||
| + | [[File:T--Aix-Marseille--uptake2.png|500px|left|Ashes concentrations depends on the incubation]] | ||
Basically, after a combustion a wet cells volume is divided by a factor > 20. | Basically, after a combustion a wet cells volume is divided by a factor > 20. | ||
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''In the situation with 1 g initial platinum, with an incubation of 10 hours, the concentration will be (2.20*10^(-4)*20)=''' 4.41 mg/kg'''. | ''In the situation with 1 g initial platinum, with an incubation of 10 hours, the concentration will be (2.20*10^(-4)*20)=''' 4.41 mg/kg'''. | ||
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| + | Actually the concentration in the ashes depends primarily on the step of incubation of the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Siderophore_recoverer_addition|step 6]], as display on the chart. This chart has been realized with predicted values, following a linear increase of the uptake over time. (Values displayed here have not been used for calculation in the others examples.'' | ||
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Some platinum prices estimations have been made relying in available prices in websites. Let's consider the 780 mg produced in the final step are available at the end of the further purification steps : | Some platinum prices estimations have been made relying in available prices in websites. Let's consider the 780 mg produced in the final step are available at the end of the further purification steps : | ||
| − | -200 nm sized nanparticles ([http://ssnano.com/inc/sdetail/platinum_nanoparticles/8217?gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn4XH1pLOVQgRyj_fi_2SmvWo0k2nTc8JxmrJ_aoEWu8aArZ58P8HAQ| Seller]): '''192$/g''': in our case 780mg worth '''150$ | + | -200 nm sized nanparticles ([http://ssnano.com/inc/sdetail/platinum_nanoparticles/8217?gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn4XH1pLOVQgRyj_fi_2SmvWo0k2nTc8JxmrJ_aoEWu8aArZ58P8HAQ| Seller]): '''192$/g''': in our case 780mg worth '''150$''' |
| − | -10 nm sized nanoparticles ([http://www.sciventions.com/product_info.php?cPath=19_44&products_id=126&gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn0uxkOwlip3945inSj1ZLbi2VU4ySIg4oG_pNODOMGgaAvqa8P8HAQ| Seller]) : '''2000$/g''' in our case, 780 mg worth '''1560$ | + | -10 nm sized nanoparticles ([http://www.sciventions.com/product_info.php?cPath=19_44&products_id=126&gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn0uxkOwlip3945inSj1ZLbi2VU4ySIg4oG_pNODOMGgaAvqa8P8HAQ| Seller]) : '''2000$/g''' in our case, 780 mg worth '''1560$''' |
-50 nm sized nanoparticle purified coated with sodium citrate surface ([http://nanocomposix.eu/collections/platinum-nanoparticles/products/50-nm-platinum-nanoparticles| Seller]): roughly '''114,833$/g''': in our case 780mg worth approximately '''90,000$'''. | -50 nm sized nanoparticle purified coated with sodium citrate surface ([http://nanocomposix.eu/collections/platinum-nanoparticles/products/50-nm-platinum-nanoparticles| Seller]): roughly '''114,833$/g''': in our case 780mg worth approximately '''90,000$'''. | ||
