Difference between revisions of "Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated Practices/Process"

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Sewage sludge are obtained daily in high amounts, all over the world, as effluents treatment is obviously a continued process. Indeed this source is '''abondant''' and '''inexhaustible''', as in almost every city around the world, effluents are treated and sewage sludges are collected. In most of the cases, when metals concentrations in sludges are too high to perform a valorization in the environnement as spreading on fields, the procedure is to stock sludges in a confined place. To reduce the stock volume, sludges are burnt.This step is precisely where our process could be connected to the effluents treatment process network. in some case, the incineration may not be realized yet, so our process should include a incineration step.
 
Sewage sludge are obtained daily in high amounts, all over the world, as effluents treatment is obviously a continued process. Indeed this source is '''abondant''' and '''inexhaustible''', as in almost every city around the world, effluents are treated and sewage sludges are collected. In most of the cases, when metals concentrations in sludges are too high to perform a valorization in the environnement as spreading on fields, the procedure is to stock sludges in a confined place. To reduce the stock volume, sludges are burnt.This step is precisely where our process could be connected to the effluents treatment process network. in some case, the incineration may not be realized yet, so our process should include a incineration step.
  
[[File:T--Aix-Marseille--maquette2.jpeg|750px|left|thumb| Model of facilities of our process. All important elements in the life cycle of platinum, except for the step of production (mines) are displayed here:  road, effluents treatment plants, field for spreading of sludge and of course, the facilities where our process would occur]]
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[[File:T--Aix-Marseille--maquette2.jpeg|800px|center|thumb| Model of facilities of our process. All important elements in the life cycle of platinum, except for the step of production (mines) are displayed here:  road, effluents treatment plants, field for spreading of sludge and of course, the facilities where our process would occur]]
  
 
''If we want to harvest '''1g''' of initial platinum, '''1161kg''' to '''3676 kg''' of sewage sludge ashes should be necessary( see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Required_mass_of_sludge_ashes| Raw Calculations]]).  
 
''If we want to harvest '''1g''' of initial platinum, '''1161kg''' to '''3676 kg''' of sewage sludge ashes should be necessary( see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Required_mass_of_sludge_ashes| Raw Calculations]]).  
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once the process is performed, nanoparticles will be display all along flagella, and the levels of ionic platinum particles remained free in the solution should be really low. In fact, in the previous experiments the ratio of platinum mass/flagella mass was 1:1, and the biosorption was complete for all the palladium present in the media (palladium and platinum are very similar elements ans have very similar behaviors).   
 
once the process is performed, nanoparticles will be display all along flagella, and the levels of ionic platinum particles remained free in the solution should be really low. In fact, in the previous experiments the ratio of platinum mass/flagella mass was 1:1, and the biosorption was complete for all the palladium present in the media (palladium and platinum are very similar elements ans have very similar behaviors).   
  
''In a siuation with 1g of intial platinum, the ashes will be mixed with '''780 mg''' of purified flagella proteins (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Amounts_of_protein_flagella_to_add| Raw calculations]]). ''
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''In a siuation with 1g of initial platinum, the ashes will be mixed with '''780 mg''' of purified flagella proteins (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Amounts_of_protein_flagella_to_add| Raw calculations]]). ''
  
 
'''This step consist mainly in pouring the ashes in a solution containing engineered purified flagella and incubating with an optimized temperature and duration.'''
 
'''This step consist mainly in pouring the ashes in a solution containing engineered purified flagella and incubating with an optimized temperature and duration.'''
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The overall complex (nanoparticles+flagella) has a much more higher density than the rest of solution (water and ions), so its isolation will be performed with centrifugation or filtration. As the volume of the fraction of interest should be reduced dramatically (pellet) the concentration in platinum in the isolated fraction should increase in a significant way. However, the more ashes are concentrated the easier will be the separation of the flagella from the rest of solution. If ashes are not concentrated enough, the biosorption won't be performed in good conditions and the volume of ashes should be too important to realize a proper extraction of the flagella. After concentration, the sample is mainly constituted of nanoparticles, hence a very high concentrations.  
 
The overall complex (nanoparticles+flagella) has a much more higher density than the rest of solution (water and ions), so its isolation will be performed with centrifugation or filtration. As the volume of the fraction of interest should be reduced dramatically (pellet) the concentration in platinum in the isolated fraction should increase in a significant way. However, the more ashes are concentrated the easier will be the separation of the flagella from the rest of solution. If ashes are not concentrated enough, the biosorption won't be performed in good conditions and the volume of ashes should be too important to realize a proper extraction of the flagella. After concentration, the sample is mainly constituted of nanoparticles, hence a very high concentrations.  
  
''In the situation with 1g of initial platinum, the mass of ashes needed to be centrifuged of filtered will be about '''176 kg'''. If biosorption is realized is optimal conditions, the final concentration in platinum  will be about '''500 mg/g''', namely an almost pure solution of solid platinum nanoparticles (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Final concentrations|Raw calculations]]'').
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''In the situation with 1g of initial platinum, the mass of ashes needed to be centrifuged of filtered will be about '''176 kg'''. If biosorption is realized in optimal conditions, the final concentration in platinum  will be about '''500 mg/g''', namely an almost pure solution of solid platinum nanoparticles (see [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Final concentrations|Raw calculations]]'').
  
 
'''This final step rely on a simple centrifugation or filtration with the recollection of the fraction containing the flagella. This pellet is highly enriched in platinum nanoparticles and is actually the processed product.'''
 
'''This final step rely on a simple centrifugation or filtration with the recollection of the fraction containing the flagella. This pellet is highly enriched in platinum nanoparticles and is actually the processed product.'''
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Given that the average  platinum concentration<ref>Jackson, Prichard and Sampson., 2009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878972</ref> in sludges ashes can range from '''272µg/kg''' to '''602 µg/kg'''  
 
Given that the average  platinum concentration<ref>Jackson, Prichard and Sampson., 2009 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878972</ref> in sludges ashes can range from '''272µg/kg''' to '''602 µg/kg'''  
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So in order to recover 1g of platinum we need a volume estimated to: V=1000/C°*10^-6
  
 
Volume ashes=1000/272*10^-6=3676470g i.e. '''3676kg'''
 
Volume ashes=1000/272*10^-6=3676470g i.e. '''3676kg'''
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''-the total of DFHOB to import is 4.68 moles so ((4.68/2.65*10^(-5))/1000)= '''176.6 kg''' of dry cells''
 
''-the total of DFHOB to import is 4.68 moles so ((4.68/2.65*10^(-5))/1000)= '''176.6 kg''' of dry cells''
  
''- as the dry weight is en tenth of the wet one and thtat a pellet is composed half by water, the mass of the cell pellet to add will be (176.6*10*2)= '''3532 kg''' ''
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''- as the dry weight is a tenth of the wet one and that a pellet is composed half by water, the mass of the cell pellet to add will be (176.6*10*2)= '''3532 kg''' ''
  
 
===Concentration in the pellet===
 
===Concentration in the pellet===
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===Concentration in the pellet ashes===
 
===Concentration in the pellet ashes===
  
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[[File:T--Aix-Marseille--uptake2.png|500px|left|Ashes concentrations depends on the incubation]]
 
Basically,  after a combustion a wet cells volume is divided by a factor > 20.
 
Basically,  after a combustion a wet cells volume is divided by a factor > 20.
 
 
 
 
''In the situation with 1 g initial platinum,  with an incubation of 10 hours, the concentration will be (2.20*10^(-4)*20)=''' 4.41 mg/kg'''.
 
''In the situation with 1 g initial platinum,  with an incubation of 10 hours, the concentration will be (2.20*10^(-4)*20)=''' 4.41 mg/kg'''.
 
Actually the concentration in the ashes depends primarily on the step of incubation of the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Siderophore_recoverer_addition|step 6]], as display on the chart. [[File:T--Aix-Marseille--uptake2.png|500px|left|Ashes concentrations depends on the incubation]] This chart has been realized with predicted values, following a linear increase of the uptake over time. (Values displayed here have not been used for calculation in the others examples.''
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
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Actually the concentration in the ashes depends primarily on the step of incubation of the [[Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Process#Siderophore_recoverer_addition|step 6]], as display on the chart.  This chart has been realized with predicted values, following a linear increase of the uptake over time. (Values displayed here have not been used for calculation in the others examples.''
  
  
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Some  platinum prices estimations have been made relying in available prices in websites. Let's consider the 780 mg produced in the final step are available at the end of the further purification steps :
 
Some  platinum prices estimations have been made relying in available prices in websites. Let's consider the 780 mg produced in the final step are available at the end of the further purification steps :
  
-200 nm sized nanparticles ([http://ssnano.com/inc/sdetail/platinum_nanoparticles/8217?gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn4XH1pLOVQgRyj_fi_2SmvWo0k2nTc8JxmrJ_aoEWu8aArZ58P8HAQ| Seller]): '''192$/g''': in our case 780mg worth '''150$/g'''
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-200 nm sized nanparticles ([http://ssnano.com/inc/sdetail/platinum_nanoparticles/8217?gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn4XH1pLOVQgRyj_fi_2SmvWo0k2nTc8JxmrJ_aoEWu8aArZ58P8HAQ| Seller]): '''192$/g''': in our case 780mg worth '''150$'''
  
-10 nm sized nanoparticles ([http://www.sciventions.com/product_info.php?cPath=19_44&products_id=126&gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn0uxkOwlip3945inSj1ZLbi2VU4ySIg4oG_pNODOMGgaAvqa8P8HAQ| Seller]) : '''2000$/g''' in our case, 780 mg worth '''1560$/g'''
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-10 nm sized nanoparticles ([http://www.sciventions.com/product_info.php?cPath=19_44&products_id=126&gclid=Cj0KEQjwyJi_BRDLusby7_S7z-IBEiQAwCVvn0uxkOwlip3945inSj1ZLbi2VU4ySIg4oG_pNODOMGgaAvqa8P8HAQ| Seller]) : '''2000$/g''' in our case, 780 mg worth '''1560$'''
  
 
-50 nm sized nanoparticle purified coated with sodium citrate surface ([http://nanocomposix.eu/collections/platinum-nanoparticles/products/50-nm-platinum-nanoparticles| Seller]): roughly '''114,833$/g''': in our case 780mg worth approximately '''90,000$'''.  
 
-50 nm sized nanoparticle purified coated with sodium citrate surface ([http://nanocomposix.eu/collections/platinum-nanoparticles/products/50-nm-platinum-nanoparticles| Seller]): roughly '''114,833$/g''': in our case 780mg worth approximately '''90,000$'''.  

Latest revision as of 01:02, 20 October 2016