<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/19/Aedes.png" width="90%"  alt="image"/></img></center></br></br></br></br>

<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/19/Aedes.png" width="90%"  alt="image"/></img></center></br></br></br></br>

An arbovirus-related outbreak arises when the virus is introduced into a permissive environment where coexists anthropophilic competent vectors and susceptible human population. The mosquito becomes infected when taking a blood meal from a vertebrate host in a phase of viremia. In the mosquito, the virus can replicate itself, transit across various anatomical barriers of the mosquito and join salivary glands. Once in the saliva, the virus is transmitted to the host during blood-feeding. The period between infection of the mosquito by a human and infection of a human by the same mosquito changes according to the temperature. At 20°C, this extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is about 2 weeks but at 35°C, in endemic areas, this EIP can be achieved in less than one week! </br></br>

An arbovirus-related outbreak arises when the virus is introduced into a permissive environment where coexists anthropophilic competent vectors and susceptible human population. The mosquito becomes infected when taking a blood meal from a vertebrate host in a phase of viremia. In the mosquito, the virus can replicate itself, transit across various anatomical barriers of the mosquito and join salivary glands. Once in the saliva, the virus is transmitted to the host during blood-feeding. The period between infection of the mosquito by a human and infection of a human by the same mosquito changes according to the temperature. At 20°C, this extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is about 2 weeks but at 35°C, in endemic areas, this EIP can be achieved in less than one week! </br></br>

Since only yellow fever is prevented by vaccination, the single efficient method to fight against arboviruses is vector control. Several methods exist but the most common is insecticide spraying (particularly pyrethroids and organophosphates). Unfortunately, mosquitoes become more and more resistant and more and more classes of insecticides are developed, increasing multiresistances and high environmental impact. Moreover, since we are unable to maintain effective control of mosquito populations, the fact that resistance contributes to the re-emergence of arboviruses cannot be excluded. That’s why insecticide resistance is now regarded by the WHO as a major obstacle to the control of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Many organizations are created and act together. For example, in accordance with the Research and Training Program on Tropical Diseases (TDR), supported by WHO,  the Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and the WIN network met for the first time. WIN network is comprised of fifteen international institutions recognized for research on vectors to counter the resistance to insecticides globally. Additionally, the IRD, CNRS and the Institut Pasteur of French Guiana are highly mobilized at the French level. Concerning France, insecticides are sprayed when human infected cases are identified and where competent mosquitoes are present. Considering asymptomatic carriers, symptomatic carriers who think having flu, and physicians who don’t report identified cases, the majority of disease importations are not detected. Moreover, when identified cases are reported, insecticide spraying occursthere, ignoring the possibility of mobility of infected people or infected mosquitoes. It seems obvious that it could be better to anticipate disease importations and outbreaks occurrences by acting before infected cases identification happens. Finally, competent vectors repartition all over the world is well known but infected vectors repartition is not. By mapping the infected vectors’ repartition, we could perform a more rational use of insecticides and focus our efforts on concerned regions. </br></br>

Since only yellow fever is prevented by vaccination, the single efficient method to fight against arboviruses is vector control. Several methods exist but the most common is insecticide spraying (particularly pyrethroids and organophosphates). Unfortunately, mosquitoes become more and more resistant and more and more classes of insecticides are developed, increasing multiresistances and high environmental impact. Moreover, since we are unable to maintain effective control of mosquito populations, the fact that resistance contributes to the re-emergence of arboviruses cannot be excluded. That’s why insecticide resistance is now regarded by the WHO as a major obstacle to the control of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Many organizations are created and act together. For example, in accordance with the Research and Training Program on Tropical Diseases (TDR), supported by WHO,  the Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and the WIN network met for the first time. WIN network is comprised of fifteen international institutions recognized for research on vectors to counter the resistance to insecticides globally. Additionally, the IRD, CNRS and the Institut Pasteur of French Guiana are highly mobilized at the French level. Concerning France, insecticides are sprayed when human infected cases are identified and where competent mosquitoes are present. Considering asymptomatic carriers, symptomatic carriers who think having flu, and physicians who don’t report identified cases, the majority of disease importations are not detected. Moreover, when identified cases are reported, insecticide spraying occursthere, ignoring the possibility of mobility of infected people or infected mosquitoes. It seems obvious that it could be better to anticipate disease importations and outbreaks occurrences by acting before infected cases identification happens. Finally, competent vectors repartition all over the world is well known but infected vectors repartition is not. By mapping the infected vectors’ repartition, we could perform a more rational use of insecticides and focus our efforts on concerned regions. </br></br>

In this context, our Mos(kit)O project consists in the development of the infected mosquitoes mapping, this indispensable tool that vector control is lacking. Let us present to you our Mos(kit)O project in <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Pasteur_Paris/Overview">OVERVIEW</a> section!  

In this context, our Mos(kit)O project consists in the development of the infected mosquitoes mapping, this indispensable tool that vector control is lacking. Let us present to you our Mos(kit)O project in <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Pasteur_Paris/Overview">OVERVIEW</a> section!  

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