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| − | ==The Problem== | + | <div class='content_wrapper'> |
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| − | *Platinum is an essential natural resource with no real method of extraction than destructive mining methods.
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| | + | <div align="center"><h2 class="title wow bounce in up"><span style="color:#0067B6"><span style="font-family:Armalite Rifle"><u>Source of platinum</div> |
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| − | *Platinum resources are draining and if recycling methods are not developed, the world could run out of platinum in the upcoming 50 years.
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| − | *As a result of emissions from automobile catalytic converters there are high concentrations of platinum deposited in the soil next to highways and big roads, often higher than in mines.
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| − | *There is also a smaller issue of wastewater treatment plants where there is so much mineral and metal accumulation that companies just prefer to abandon a plant and rebuild a new one. Platinum concentrations are elevated in the plants too because of the treatment of rainwater that passes through roads.
| + | <p> Lysine descarboxylase from <i>Streptomyces coelicolor</i> is an enzyme from the lyase family that converts lysine to cadaverin. The enzyme realizes the carbonyl group of the lysin amino acid. Cadaverine(1,5-diaminopentane) is a primary diamine which alkaline environment. The lysine decarboxylase is an enzyme induced the synthesis of which is promoted by anaerobiosis and an acidic pH. |
| | + | In bacteriology, this enzyme is sought through the middle of Moeller lysine or medium lysine Taylor. |
| | + | We registered the original sequence of this subpart in the iGEM registry of standard parts (BBa_K1951000). We optimized our sequence for <i>E.coli</i> and ordered the synthesis by addition of an inductible promoter.</p> |
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| − | ==The Problem with current Platinum Extraction==
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| − | Platinum is a rare metal because there are only a few mines in the world where it can be obtained. And even then it is only a by-product of nickel and copper mining. During the process of extraction huge amounts of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid are used to eliminate impurities.
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| − | There are also various socio medical complications associated with platinum mining. Miners and workers are usually exposed to unsafe chemical substances and toxic fumes. Safety measures are often disregarded. An alternative solution to mining could help in the resolvement of this issue.
| + | <h3 class="titrepage">BBa_K1941008 : FliC <i>E. coli</i> producer</h3> |
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| − | Most importantly, platinum resources are draining. Experts have estimated that in the year 2064 all known economically workable platinum deposits will be exhausted. It will be necessary to exploit other sources of platinum and develop viable recycling methods.
| + | <h4><u>Part Composition:</u><h4> |
| | + | <p>This part is a composite part composed of 2 Biobricks : |
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| | + | <li>BBa_K1951005: flagelln C</li> |
| | + | <li>BBa_K880005: Strong promoter, strong RBS combination </li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | </p> |
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| − | Finally, there are no current methods of recycling platinum from the soil next to highways that have been shown to work.
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| − | ==The Solution==
| + | <h4><u>Flagellin C from <i>Escherichia coli</i> </u></h4> |
| − | *Concentrate the platinum accumulated in plants by phytoremediation or present in sludge in rainwater treatment centers.
| + | <p>Flagellin C (FliC) protein from <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain is the main protein constitutive of the flagelar filament and is involved to promote bacterial swimming. This sequence is conserved in many bacterial strains. It has been demonstrated that Flagellin has the ability to adsorb precious metal such as Platinum, gold...</p> |
| − | *Purify the Platinum from other metals or inorganic compounds.
| + | <p> We made a FliC mutant by transduction using phage P1 in a <i> E. Coli W3110 </i> strain. Then we have complemented the FliC mutant W3110 with Bba_K151008 and performed a swimming test for every background. The result has shown that swimming was recovered into the complemented FliC mutant W3110</p> |
| − | *Transform it into a highly desirable form - nanoparticles.
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| − | ==Overview==
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| − | The main goal of our project is to
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| − | The first step relies on the affinity of small organic molecules, siderophores, to bind solubilized Platinum atoms and thus favor the further solubilisation of more platinum compounds. We accomplish this by inserting a plasmid containing an operon with the four enzymes (Des A, Des B, Des C, Des D) necessary to synthesise our siderophore - Desferrioxamine B, into E. coli. | + | <br> |
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| | + | <h4><u>Part Assembly:</u></h4> |
| | + | <p> The subparts were assembled using standard BioBrick Assembly.</p> |
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| − | As a second level of concentrating the platinum even more, we plan to use the principle of biosorption. A modified fliC protein complex will be cloned into E. coli and enable the flagella of the bacterium so that it can bind platinum atoms. This specificity will be possible thanks to a recently discovered peptide that will be inserted into the sequence of the fliC. The benefit of using the biosorption is to obtain nanoparticles of platinum, a highly valuable form of the metal.
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