Difference between revisions of "Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated Practices/Environment"
(→Biotechnological solutions) |
|||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
'''Thoughts and content displayed on this page have been elaborated thank to the help of Frédéric Triboit an ecologist engineer, PhD in Environmental Sciences. He helped us a lot in the targeting to choose which raw materials would be the source of our process and also to understand the critical situation faced today with metal pollution in environment especially along roadsides.''' | '''Thoughts and content displayed on this page have been elaborated thank to the help of Frédéric Triboit an ecologist engineer, PhD in Environmental Sciences. He helped us a lot in the targeting to choose which raw materials would be the source of our process and also to understand the critical situation faced today with metal pollution in environment especially along roadsides.''' | ||
| − | =Situation= | + | ==Situation== |
| − | ==The Source== | + | ===The Source=== |
[[File:T--Aix-Marseille--routes.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The car traffic is the main source of platinum pollution all over the world, especially along the sidesroads]] | [[File:T--Aix-Marseille--routes.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The car traffic is the main source of platinum pollution all over the world, especially along the sidesroads]] | ||
The main source is obviously the catalytic converters. As a catalyst platinum is not supposed to leave the converter but during the lifetime of the converter a certain amount is released and is dispersed in environment. [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Industry Others uses] of platinum can generate pollution with platinum as the uses in the medical field. Patients will be exposed at high concentration and will reject (feces and urine) in sewage high amounts of platinum. All the electronic industry is a source of pollution, since the e-waste are enriched in platinum. If recycling is not properly performed this platinum can be released in environment. | The main source is obviously the catalytic converters. As a catalyst platinum is not supposed to leave the converter but during the lifetime of the converter a certain amount is released and is dispersed in environment. [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Industry Others uses] of platinum can generate pollution with platinum as the uses in the medical field. Patients will be exposed at high concentration and will reject (feces and urine) in sewage high amounts of platinum. All the electronic industry is a source of pollution, since the e-waste are enriched in platinum. If recycling is not properly performed this platinum can be released in environment. | ||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
A plenty of studies assess the increase in metals around in environment. Many places and many metals are concerned all over the world and to demonstrate that, representative example are displayed in this page. Metal pollution in environment is diverse and platinum is not the only metal polluting the environment, not at all. However we'll focus here on Platinum and Palladium pollution. | A plenty of studies assess the increase in metals around in environment. Many places and many metals are concerned all over the world and to demonstrate that, representative example are displayed in this page. Metal pollution in environment is diverse and platinum is not the only metal polluting the environment, not at all. However we'll focus here on Platinum and Palladium pollution. | ||
| − | ==Platinum along roads== | + | ===Platinum along roads=== |
As platinum and palladium are used as catalytic converters the main source of pollution is close the axis of car traffic, i.e. roads and highways. Several studies show different concentrations as context of measures are always different and the factors involved in concentration are much complex. | As platinum and palladium are used as catalytic converters the main source of pollution is close the axis of car traffic, i.e. roads and highways. Several studies show different concentrations as context of measures are always different and the factors involved in concentration are much complex. | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
Even higher concentrations have been found, reaching the impressive value of '''132µg/kg'''<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es061453s Zereini and al., 2007</ref>. | Even higher concentrations have been found, reaching the impressive value of '''132µg/kg'''<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es061453s Zereini and al., 2007</ref>. | ||
| − | ==Platinum in plants== | + | ===Platinum in plants=== |
Plants are a biological '''compartment''' able to '''concentrate''' all type of pollutant present in the environment. Thus, many studies have been carried out to assess the concentration in plants living near pollution source as a highway or a road. | Plants are a biological '''compartment''' able to '''concentrate''' all type of pollutant present in the environment. Thus, many studies have been carried out to assess the concentration in plants living near pollution source as a highway or a road. | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
Some species of birch trees are also able to accumulate platinum to a value up to '''1350ng/g''' and ashes from pine trees presents platinum concentration around '''5000ng/g'''<ref name="reith2014">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825214000063?np=y Reith and al., 2014</ref>. | Some species of birch trees are also able to accumulate platinum to a value up to '''1350ng/g''' and ashes from pine trees presents platinum concentration around '''5000ng/g'''<ref name="reith2014">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825214000063?np=y Reith and al., 2014</ref>. | ||
| − | ==Platinum in rivers== | + | ===Platinum in rivers=== |
[[File:T--Aix-Marseille--Rhine.jpg|thumb|400px|left|The Rhine river, a major axis of industry and transport in Europe thus strongly exposed to platinum and metals pollution]] | [[File:T--Aix-Marseille--Rhine.jpg|thumb|400px|left|The Rhine river, a major axis of industry and transport in Europe thus strongly exposed to platinum and metals pollution]] | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
| − | ==Platinum in urban area== | + | ===Platinum in urban area=== |
In urban area, the source of platinum are everywhere as many types of vehicles are always present in thoses places. Exhaust gas from catalyst converter are pervasive in such area and scientist have expected to find high, hence their studies in those areas. | In urban area, the source of platinum are everywhere as many types of vehicles are always present in thoses places. Exhaust gas from catalyst converter are pervasive in such area and scientist have expected to find high, hence their studies in those areas. | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
Much higher value have been measured in air born dust, with a mean of '''1730µg/kg'''<ref name="wichmann2007"/>. | Much higher value have been measured in air born dust, with a mean of '''1730µg/kg'''<ref name="wichmann2007"/>. | ||
| − | ==Platinum in sewage sludge== | + | ===Platinum in sewage sludge=== |
If rivers gather pollution, the sewage sludge contain the main pollutants once presents in the waters.. | If rivers gather pollution, the sewage sludge contain the main pollutants once presents in the waters.. | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
As produced steadily in great quantities, sewage sludge could be a very good source for our process. | As produced steadily in great quantities, sewage sludge could be a very good source for our process. | ||
| − | ==Average guide platinum concentrations== | + | ===Average guide platinum concentrations=== |
In earth crust :'''5µg/kg''' | In earth crust :'''5µg/kg''' | ||
In coal: '''5µg/kg''' | In coal: '''5µg/kg''' | ||
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
In your blood : '''0.1- 3.8µg/kg''' | In your blood : '''0.1- 3.8µg/kg''' | ||
| − | =Classical solutions= | + | ==Classical solutions== |
Metals pollution in environment is a concern for health authorities for a long time. However metal pollution is increasing '''so fast''' for '''so many metals''' (Pt, Pd, Rh, Co, Pb, Mo, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se...) that the actual solution to deal with such pollution is actually to burn and confine ashes from sewage sludge. Indeed the classical treatment with '''bacteria is not efficient''' to eliminate such metals pollution. So the sludge are burned and then stocked as pollutant materials. | Metals pollution in environment is a concern for health authorities for a long time. However metal pollution is increasing '''so fast''' for '''so many metals''' (Pt, Pd, Rh, Co, Pb, Mo, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se...) that the actual solution to deal with such pollution is actually to burn and confine ashes from sewage sludge. Indeed the classical treatment with '''bacteria is not efficient''' to eliminate such metals pollution. So the sludge are burned and then stocked as pollutant materials. | ||
| Line 66: | Line 66: | ||
This solution allow to prevent the contamination in environment since sludge are classically spread in field, but it doesn't reduce pollution in environment and worse, produce '''contaminated ashes''', unvaluable and unusable materials which need to be '''stocked'''. | This solution allow to prevent the contamination in environment since sludge are classically spread in field, but it doesn't reduce pollution in environment and worse, produce '''contaminated ashes''', unvaluable and unusable materials which need to be '''stocked'''. | ||
| − | =Biotechnological solutions= | + | ==Biotechnological solutions== |
[[File:T--Aix-Marseille--frf.jpg|thumb|right|500px| ''Pycnandra acuminata'' is able to accumulate Nickel up to 20% of the weigh of its life blood hence its blue color <ref>Source: B. Fogliani-LIVE-UNC</ref>]] | [[File:T--Aix-Marseille--frf.jpg|thumb|right|500px| ''Pycnandra acuminata'' is able to accumulate Nickel up to 20% of the weigh of its life blood hence its blue color <ref>Source: B. Fogliani-LIVE-UNC</ref>]] | ||
The '''phytoremdiation''' use plants and their ability to concentrate or destroy pollutant to clean up soils or waters. | The '''phytoremdiation''' use plants and their ability to concentrate or destroy pollutant to clean up soils or waters. | ||
