Difference between revisions of "Team:Slovenia/ModelLogic"

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                     <h1><span id="intro" class="section"> &nbsp; </span>Modeling logic gates</h1>
 
                     <h1><span id="intro" class="section"> &nbsp; </span>Modeling logic gates</h1>
 
                     <div class="ui segment">
 
                     <div class="ui segment">
                    <p>
+
                        <p>
                        Engineering and designing biological circuits constitute a central core of synthetic biology. In
+
                            Engineering and designing biological circuits constitute a central core of synthetic
                        the context of our
+
                            biology. In
                        iGEM
+
                            the context of our
                        project, one the purpose was to create, tune and regulate novel pathways in living cells using a
+
                            iGEM
                        fast-relay system.
+
                            project, one the purpose was to create, tune and regulate novel pathways in living cells
                        The
+
                            using a
                        <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Protease_signaling/Orthogonality">toolset of
+
                            fast-relay system.
                            orthogonal proteases</a>
+
                            The
                        that we developed worked as input for <a
+
                            <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Protease_signaling/Orthogonality">toolset of
                            href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Protease_signaling/Logic">logic
+
                                orthogonal proteases</a>
                        function in mammalian cells</a>. Therefore, here we propose schemes for implementation of all 16
+
                            that we developed worked as input for <a
                        two input
+
                                href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Protease_signaling/Logic">logic
                        binary logic functions based on a protein-protein interaction (coiled coil) and proteolysis
+
                            function in mammalian cells</a>. Therefore, here we propose schemes for implementation of
                        system in cells. Designed logic gates based on
+
                            all 16
                        protein-protein interaction are
+
                            two input
                        expected to have a shorter time delay compared to their analogues based on genetic regulatory
+
                            binary logic functions based on a protein-protein interaction (coiled coil) and proteolysis
                        networks
+
                            system in cells. Designed logic gates based on
                        <x-ref>Gaber:2014, Kiani:2014</x-ref>
+
                            protein-protein interaction are
                        .
+
                            expected to have a shorter time delay compared to their analogues based on genetic
                    </p>
+
                            regulatory
 +
                            networks
 +
                            <x-ref>Gaber:2014, Kiani:2014</x-ref>
 +
                            .
 +
                        </p>
  
                    <p>The main post-translational modification on which signaling and information processing systems
+
                        <p>The main post-translational modification on which signaling and information processing
                        are based is
+
                            systems
                        protein
+
                            are based is
                        phosphorylation, which enables reversibility and fast response. Proteolysis is on the other hand
+
                            protein
                        irreversible,
+
                            phosphorylation, which enables reversibility and fast response. Proteolysis is on the other
                        which
+
                            hand
                        imposes some limitations with respect to phosphorylation. However for many applications fast
+
                            irreversible,
                        activation is most
+
                            which
                        important, while the time to reset the system in the resting state is not that important.</p>
+
                            imposes some limitations with respect to phosphorylation. However for many applications fast
 +
                            activation is most
 +
                            important, while the time to reset the system in the resting state is not that
 +
                            important.</p>
  
                    <p>Our protein-based system is designed in such a way that it works through coiled coil
+
                        <p>Our protein-based system is designed in such a way that it works through coiled coil
                        interactions, where each
+
                            interactions, where each
                        coiled
+
                            coiled
                        coil in the system is either free or bound to its partner depending on the proteolytic activity.
+
                            coil in the system is either free or bound to its partner depending on the proteolytic
                        Furthermore,
+
                            activity.
                        the
+
                            Furthermore,
                        signal
+
                            the
                        output is represented by reconstitution of a split protein (i.e. luciferase or protease), which
+
                            signal
                        is fused
+
                            output is represented by reconstitution of a split protein (i.e. luciferase or protease),
                        separately
+
                            which
                        to
+
                            is fused
                        different coiled coil segments. To prove the feasibility of this design, we simulated the
+
                            separately
                        system's behavior
+
                            to
                        using
+
                            different coiled coil segments. To prove the feasibility of this design, we simulated the
                        deterministic modelling. The simulations were run in Wolfram Mathematica, using xCellerator's
+
                            system's behavior
                        xlr8r
+
                            using
                        libraries.</p>
+
                            deterministic modelling. The simulations were run in Wolfram Mathematica, using
 +
                            xCellerator's
 +
                            xlr8r
 +
                            libraries.</p>
  
                    <p>The designed binary logic gates can be divided into 5 subgroups, based on the position of the
+
                        <p>The designed binary logic gates can be divided into 5 subgroups, based on the position of the
                        protease cleavage
+
                            protease cleavage
                        sites:</p>
+
                            sites:</p>
                    <ul>
+
                        <ul>
                        <li>a) cleavage site between coiled-coils: conjunction, disjunction and both projection
+
                            <li>a) cleavage site between coiled-coils: conjunction, disjunction and both projection
                            functions;
+
                                functions;
                        </li>
+
                            </li>
                        <li>b) cleavage site between the coiled-coil and split protease: logical NAND, logical NOR and
+
                            <li>b) cleavage site between the coiled-coil and split protease: logical NAND, logical NOR
                            both
+
                                and
                            negations;
+
                                both
                        </li>
+
                                negations;
                        <li>c) cleavage sites between coiled-coils as well as between the coiled-coil and split protease
+
                            </li>
                            in
+
                            <li>c) cleavage sites between coiled-coils as well as between the coiled-coil and split
                            the same construct: material implication and converse implication;
+
                                protease
                        </li>
+
                                in
                        <li>
+
                                the same construct: material implication and converse implication;
                            d) cleavage sites between coiled-coils as well as between the coiled-coil and split protease
+
                            </li>
 +
                            <li>
 +
                                d) cleavage sites between coiled-coils as well as between the coiled-coil and split
 +
                                protease
 +
                                in
 +
                                different constructs: exclusive disjunction, logical biconditional, material
 +
                                nonimplication
 +
                                and
 +
                                converse
 +
                                nonimplication;
 +
                            </li>
 +
                            <li>e) no cleavage sites: tautology and contradiction.</li>
 +
                        </ul>
 +
                        </p>
 +
 
 +
                        <p>
 +
                            For applications that require fast response (e.g. protein secretion), which are the purpose
 +
                            of
 +
                            our attempt, only
 +
                            falsity
 +
                            preserving gates are appropriate, as biological systems usually require fast activation and
 +
                            not
 +
                            fast
 +
                            deactivation.
 +
                            The
 +
                            following functions correspond to the desired condition: both projection functions,
 +
                            conjunction,
 +
                            disjunction,
 +
                            exclusive
 +
                            disjunction, material nonimplication, converse nonimplication and true.
 +
                        </p>
 +
                        <p>
 +
                            Since the dynamics of both functions in subgroup e) is trivial, i.e. output is a constant,
 +
                            their
 +
                            modelling is
 +
                            omitted.
 +
                            We selected a single function from the other four subgroups, for which a mathematical model
 +
                            was
 +
                            established and
 +
                            analysed. We selected the following functions $f_1(x_1, x_2) = x_1$ from subgroup a),
 +
                            $f_2(x_1,
 +
                            x_2) = \neg(x_1
 +
                            \vee
 +
                            x_2)$ from b), $f_3(x_1, x_2) = x_2 \Rightarrow x_1$ from c) and $f_4(x_1, x_2) = \neg(x_1
 +
                            \Rightarrow x_2)$
 +
                            from
 +
                            d).
 +
                        </p>
 +
                        <p>
 +
                            Inducible proteases were assumed as the two input variables for each function. The logical
 +
                            values true and false
 +
                            were in
 +
                            all the cases presented with high and low amounts of output proteins or input proteases,
 +
                            respectively. Where the
 +
                            output
 +
                            signal is presented with several different proteins, the sum of their concentrations was
 +
                            observed. The schemes
 +
                            of
 +
                            the
 +
                            assumed reactions included in the implementation of described logical functions are
 +
                            represented
 
                             in
 
                             in
                             different constructs: exclusive disjunction, logical biconditional, material nonimplication
+
                             <ref>fig:scheme_buffer</ref>
 +
                            ,
 +
                            <ref>fig:scheme_nor</ref>
 +
                            ,
 +
                            <ref>fig:schemes_imply</ref>
 
                             and
 
                             and
                             converse
+
                             <ref>fig:schemes_nimply</ref>
                            nonimplication;
+
                            . All
                        </li>
+
                            of
                        <li>e) no cleavage sites: tautology and contradiction.</li>
+
                            them ignore the leakage due to the binding of the coiled-coils before cleavage, which could
                    </ul>
+
                            be
                    </p>
+
                            solved by setting
 +
                            the
 +
                            building elements with appropriate parameters as demonstrated in the experimental section on
 +
                            the
 +
                            <a
 +
                                    href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Protease_signaling/Logic">CC-based logic
 +
                                design. </a>
 +
                        </p>
  
                    <p>
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:scheme_buffer">
                        For applications that require fast response (e.g. protein secretion), which are the purpose of
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                        our attempt, only
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/2/20/T--Slovenia--5.5.2.png">
                        falsity
+
                            <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_1$.</b>The output is represented with the
                        preserving gates are appropriate, as biological systems usually require fast activation and not
+
                                emission of
                        fast
+
                                light induced
                        deactivation.
+
                                by
                        The
+
                                reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
                        following functions correspond to the desired condition: both projection functions, conjunction,
+
                             </figcaption>
                        disjunction,
+
                        </figure>
                        exclusive
+
                        disjunction, material nonimplication, converse nonimplication and true.
+
                    </p>
+
                    <p>
+
                        Since the dynamics of both functions in subgroup e) is trivial, i.e. output is a constant, their
+
                        modelling is
+
                        omitted.
+
                        We selected a single function from the other four subgroups, for which a mathematical model was
+
                        established and
+
                        analysed. We selected the following functions $f_1(x_1, x_2) = x_1$ from subgroup a), $f_2(x_1,
+
                        x_2) = \neg(x_1
+
                        \vee
+
                        x_2)$ from b), $f_3(x_1, x_2) = x_2 \Rightarrow x_1$ from c) and $f_4(x_1, x_2) = \neg(x_1
+
                        \Rightarrow x_2)$
+
                        from
+
                        d).
+
                    </p>
+
                    <p>
+
                        Inducible proteases were assumed as the two input variables for each function. The logical
+
                        values true and false
+
                        were in
+
                        all the cases presented with high and low amounts of output proteins or input proteases,
+
                        respectively. Where the
+
                        output
+
                        signal is presented with several different proteins, the sum of their concentrations was
+
                        observed. The schemes
+
                        of
+
                        the
+
                        assumed reactions included in the implementation of described logical functions are represented
+
                        in
+
                        <ref>fig:scheme_buffer</ref>
+
                        ,
+
                        <ref>fig:scheme_nor</ref>
+
                        ,
+
                        <ref>fig:schemes_imply</ref>
+
                        and
+
                        <ref>fig:schemes_nimply</ref>
+
                        . All
+
                        of
+
                        them ignore the leakage due to the binding of the coiled-coils before cleavage, which could be
+
                        solved by setting
+
                        the
+
                        building elements with appropriate parameters as demonstrated in the experimental section on the
+
                        <a
+
                                href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Protease_signaling/Logic">CC-based logic
+
                             design. </a>
+
                    </p>
+
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:scheme_buffer">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:scheme_nor">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/2/20/T--Slovenia--5.5.2.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/c/c7/T--Slovenia--5.5.3.png">
                        <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_1$.</b>The output is represented with the
+
                            <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_2$.</b> The output is represented with the
                            emission of
+
                                emission
                            light induced
+
                                of light induced
                            by
+
                                by
                            reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
+
                                reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
                        </figcaption>
+
                            </figcaption>
                    </figure>
+
                        </figure>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:scheme_nor">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:schemes_imply">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/c/c7/T--Slovenia--5.5.3.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/c/c1/T--Slovenia--5.5.4.png">
                        <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_2$.</b> The output is represented with the
+
                            <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_3$.</b> The output is represented with the
                            emission
+
                                emission
                            of light induced
+
                                of light induced
                            by
+
                                by
                            reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
+
                                reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
                        </figcaption>
+
                            </figcaption>
                    </figure>
+
                        </figure>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:schemes_imply">
+
                         <figure data-ref="fig:schemes_nimply">
                         <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/c/c1/T--Slovenia--5.5.4.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/5/59/T--Slovenia--5.5.5.png">
                        <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_3$.</b> The output is represented with the
+
                            <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_4$.</b> The output is represented with the
                            emission
+
                                emission
                            of light induced
+
                                of light induced
                            by
+
                                by
                            reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
+
                                reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
                        </figcaption>
+
                            </figcaption>
                    </figure>
+
                        </figure>
 
+
                    <figure data-ref="fig:schemes_nimply">
+
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/5/59/T--Slovenia--5.5.5.png">
+
                        <figcaption><b>Scheme of the modelled function $f_4$.</b> The output is represented with the
+
                            emission
+
                            of light induced
+
                            by
+
                            reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
+
                        </figcaption>
+
                    </figure>
+
 
                     </div>
 
                     </div>
 
                     <h3><span id="model" class="section"> &nbsp; </span>Deterministic modeling</h3>
 
                     <h3><span id="model" class="section"> &nbsp; </span>Deterministic modeling</h3>
 
                     <div class="ui segment">
 
                     <div class="ui segment">
                    We have established the following ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based model:
+
                        We have established the following ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based model:
                    <h4>Projection function $f_1$</h4>
+
                        <h4>Projection function $f_1$</h4>
                    \begin{align}
+
                        \begin{align}
                    v'(t) =&
+
                        v'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    u'(t) =&
+
                        u'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1'(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1'(t), \\
                    g'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * g(t) - \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        g'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * g(t) - \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    g_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) +
+
                        g_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) +
                    \beta_2 * g_1i(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) - \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t), \\
+
                        \beta_2 * g_1i(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) - \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t), \\
                    g_1g_2'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) +
+
                        g_1g_2'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) +
                    \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    g_1i'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1i(t) - \beta_2 * g_1i(t) +
+
                        g_1i'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1i(t) - \beta_2 * g_1i(t) +
                    \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t), \\
+
                        \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t), \\
                    g_2'(t) =&
+
                        g_2'(t) =&
                    \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \delta_1 * g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\
+
                        \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \delta_1 * g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\
                    i'(t) =&
+
                        i'(t) =&
                    \alpha_1+ \beta_2 * g_1i(t) - \delta_1 * i(t) - \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t),\\
+
                        \alpha_1+ \beta_2 * g_1i(t) - \delta_1 * i(t) - \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t),\\
                    p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t)
+
                        p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t)
                    \end{align}
+
                        \end{align}
  
                    <h4>Logical NOR $f_2$</h4>
+
                        <h4>Logical NOR $f_2$</h4>
                    \begin{align}
+
                        \begin{align}
                    c'(t) =&
+
                        c'(t) =&
                    \alpha_1- \delta_1 * c(t) + \beta_2 * cd(t) - \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) -
+
                        \alpha_1- \delta_1 * c(t) + \beta_2 * cd(t) - \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) -
                    \tau * c(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \tau * c(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    c_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * c_1(t) + \tau * c(t) * p_1(t) +
+
                        c_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * c_1(t) + \tau * c(t) * p_1(t) +
                    \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    c_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * c_2(t) + \tau * c(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        c_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * c_2(t) + \tau * c(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    c_2d'(t) =& \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        c_2d'(t) =& \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    cd'(t) =& -\delta_1 * cd(t) - \beta_2 * cd(t) +
+
                        cd'(t) =& -\delta_1 * cd(t) - \beta_2 * cd(t) +
                    \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) - \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) - \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    cd_2'(t) =& \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        cd_2'(t) =& \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    v'(t) =&
+
                        v'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    w'(t) =&
+
                        w'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t)+ \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t)+ \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
                    u'(t) =&
+
                        u'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    z'(t) =&
+
                        z'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
                    d'(t) =& \alpha_1+ \beta_2 * cd(t) - \delta_1 * d(t) - \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) -
+
                        d'(t) =& \alpha_1+ \beta_2 * cd(t) - \delta_1 * d(t) - \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) -
                    \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    d_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_1(t) + \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t) +
+
                        d_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_1(t) + \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t) +
                    \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    d_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        d_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t)
+
                        p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t)
                    \end{align}
+
                        \end{align}
  
                    <h4>Converse implication f<sub>3</sub></h4>
+
                        <h4>Converse implication f<sub>3</sub></h4>
                    \begin{align}
+
                        \begin{align}
                    b'(t) =&
+
                        b'(t) =&
                    \alpha_1- \delta_1 * b(t) - \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) + \beta_2 * k_1b(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_1- \delta_1 * b(t) - \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) + \beta_2 * k_1b(t), \\
                    v'(t) =&
+
                        v'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    w'(t) =&
+
                        w'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
                    u'(t) =&
+
                        u'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    z'(t) =&
+
                        z'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
                    k'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * k(t) - \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * k(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        k'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * k(t) - \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * k(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    k_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_1(t) - \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) + \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) + \\
+
                        k_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_1(t) - \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) + \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) + \\
                    & \gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) + \beta_2 * k_1b(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t) -
+
                        & \gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) + \beta_2 * k_1b(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t) -
                    \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t) \\
+
                        \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t) \\
                    &+ \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        &+ \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    k_{12}'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_{12}(t) - \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) +
+
                        k_{12}'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_{12}(t) - \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) +
                    \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t), \\
+
                        \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t), \\
                    k_{123}'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) + \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t), \\
+
                        k_{123}'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) + \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t), \\
                    k_1b'(t) =&
+
                        k_1b'(t) =&
                    \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) - \delta_1 * k_1b(t) - \beta_2 * k_1b(t), \\
+
                        \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) - \delta_1 * k_1b(t) - \beta_2 * k_1b(t), \\
                    k_1k_2'(t) =& -\tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        k_1k_2'(t) =& -\tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    k_2'(t) =&
+
                        k_2'(t) =&
                    \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) - \delta_1 * k_2(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t) +
+
                        \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) - \delta_1 * k_2(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t) +
                    \tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    k_{23}'(t) =&
+
                        k_{23}'(t) =&
                    \gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) - \delta_1 * k_{23}(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t) +
+
                        \gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) - \delta_1 * k_{23}(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t) +
                    \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    k_3'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_3(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_2(t) +
+
                        k_3'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_3(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_2(t) +
                    \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t)
+
                        p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t)
                    \end{align}
+
                        \end{align}
  
                    <h4>Mathematical nonimplication f<sub>4</sub></h4>
+
                        <h4>Mathematical nonimplication f<sub>4</sub></h4>
                    \begin{align}
+
                        \begin{align}
                    v'(t) =&
+
                        v'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    w'(t) =&
+
                        w'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
                    u'(t) =&
+
                        u'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    z'(t) =&
+
                        z'(t) =&
                    \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\
                    d'(t) =&
+
                        d'(t) =&
                    \alpha_1- \delta_1 * d(t) - \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) + \beta_2 * g_1d(t) -
+
                        \alpha_1- \delta_1 * d(t) - \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) + \beta_2 * g_1d(t) -
                    \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    d_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_1(t) - \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) +
+
                        d_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_1(t) - \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) +
                    \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    d_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t) +
+
                        d_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t) +
                    \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    g'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * g(t) - \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        g'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * g(t) - \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    g_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1(t) - \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) - \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) \\
+
                        g_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1(t) - \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) - \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) \\
                    & + \beta_2 * g_1d(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) +
+
                        & + \beta_2 * g_1d(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) +
                    \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\
+
                        \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\
                    g_1d'(t) =&
+
                        g_1d'(t) =&
                    \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) - \delta_1 * g_1d(t) - \beta_2 * g_1d(t) -
+
                        \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) - \delta_1 * g_1d(t) - \beta_2 * g_1d(t) -
                    \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    g_1d_1'(t) =&
+
                        g_1d_1'(t) =&
                    \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) - \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\
+
                        \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) - \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\
                    g_1g_2'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) +
+
                        g_1g_2'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) +
                    \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
+
                        \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\
                    g_2'(t) =&
+
                        g_2'(t) =&
                    \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \delta_1 * g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\
+
                        \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \delta_1 * g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\
                    p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
+
                        p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\
                    p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t)
+
                        p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t)
                    \end{align}
+
                        \end{align}
  
                    <p>
+
                        <p>
                        The function of light presence, denoted with $l(t)$, $l_1(t)$ or $l_2(t)$, is a piecewise
+
                            The function of light presence, denoted with $l(t)$, $l_1(t)$ or $l_2(t)$, is a piecewise
                        function which equals 1 if the light is present and 0 otherwise. Functions $p_1$, $p_2$, $g$,
+
                            function which equals 1 if the light is present and 0 otherwise. Functions $p_1$, $p_2$,
                        $g_1$,
+
                            $g$,
                        $g_1d$, $g_1d_1$, $g_1g_2$, $g_1i$, $g_2$, $c$, $c_1$, $c_2$, $c_2d$, $cd$, $cd_2$, $w$, $z$,
+
                            $g_1$,
                        $d$, $d_1$, $d_2$, $k$, $k_1$, $k_{12}$,
+
                            $g_1d$, $g_1d_1$, $g_1g_2$, $g_1i$, $g_2$, $c$, $c_1$, $c_2$, $c_2d$, $cd$, $cd_2$, $w$,
                        $k_{123}$, $k_1b$, $k_1k_2$, $k_2$, $k_{23}$, $k_3$, $i$, $b$, $k$, $v$, $u$, $w$, $z$ present
+
                            $z$,
                        concentrations of the
+
                            $d$, $d_1$, $d_2$, $k$, $k_1$, $k_{12}$,
                        equally labelled proteins. The constants used for the model are described in
+
                            $k_{123}$, $k_1b$, $k_1k_2$, $k_2$, $k_{23}$, $k_3$, $i$, $b$, $k$, $v$, $u$, $w$, $z$
                        <ref>tab:refs</ref>
+
                            present
                        .
+
                            concentrations of the
                    </p>
+
                            equally labelled proteins. The constants used for the model are described in
                    <table class="ui collapsing unstackable celled table" data-ref="tab:refs">
+
                            <ref>tab:refs</ref>
                        <thead class="full-width">
+
                            .
                        <tr class="center aligned">
+
                        </p>
                            <th> Description</th>
+
                        <table class="ui collapsing unstackable celled table" data-ref="tab:refs">
                            <th> Name</th>
+
                            <thead class="full-width">
                            <th> Rate</th>
+
                            <tr class="center aligned">
                            <th> Reference</th>
+
                                <th> Description</th>
                        </tr>
+
                                <th> Name</th>
                        </thead>
+
                                <th> Rate</th>
                        <tbody>
+
                                <th> Reference</th>
                        <tr>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>protein production rate</td>
+
                            </thead>
                            <td>$\alpha$</td>
+
                            <tbody>
                            <td>3.5 * 20$^{-2}$ nMs$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>protein production rate</td>
                                <x-ref>Mariani:2010, Alon:2006</x-ref>
+
                                <td>$\alpha$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>3.5 * 20$^{-2}$ nMs$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>Mariani:2010, Alon:2006</x-ref>
                            <td>light inducible split protease production rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td>$\alpha_2$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>7 * 10$^{-1}$ nMs$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>protein:protease DNA ratio is
+
                                <td>light inducible split protease production rate</td>
                                1:20
+
                                <td>$\alpha_2$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>7 * 10$^{-1}$ nMs$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>protein:protease DNA ratio is
                        <tr>
+
                                    1:20
                            <td>protein degradation rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td>$\delta_1$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>Log[2] / (3600 * 9) $s^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>protein degradation rate</td>
                                <x-ref>Eden:2011</x-ref>
+
                                <td>$\delta_1$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>Log[2] / (3600 * 9) $s^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>Eden:2011</x-ref>
                            <td>light inducible split protease dissociation rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\sigma_2$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>Log[2] / (60 * 5.5) s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>light inducible split protease dissociation rate</td>
                                <x-ref>Taslimi:2016</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\sigma_2$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>Log[2] / (60 * 5.5) s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>Taslimi:2016</x-ref>
                            <td>light inducible split protease association rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\sigma_1$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>1 nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>light inducible split protease association rate</td>
                                <x-ref>Alon:2006</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\sigma_1$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>1 nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>Alon:2006</x-ref>
                            <td>protease cleavage rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\tau$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>1.2 * 10$^-6$ nM$^-1$ s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>protease cleavage rate</td>
                                <x-ref>Yi:2013</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\tau$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>1.2 * 10$^-6$ nM$^-1$ s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>Yi:2013</x-ref>
                            <td>stronger coiled coils association rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\beta_1$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>3.17 * 10$^{-3}$ nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>stronger coiled coils association rate</td>
                                <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\beta_1$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>3.17 * 10$^{-3}$ nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
                            <td>stronger coiled coils dissociation rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\beta_2$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>2 * 10$^{-4}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>stronger coiled coils dissociation rate</td>
                                <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\beta_2$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>2 * 10$^{-4}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
                            <td>weaker coiled coils association rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\gamma_1$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>7.3 * 10$^{-6}$ nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>weaker coiled coils association rate</td>
                                <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\gamma_1$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>7.3 * 10$^{-6}$ nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
                            <td>weaker coiled coils dissociation rate</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> $\gamma_2$</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>1.67 * 10$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>weaker coiled coils dissociation rate</td>
                                <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
+
                                <td> $\gamma_2$</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>1.67 * 10$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        <tr>
+
                                    <x-ref>DeCrescenzo:2003</x-ref>
                            <td>time of light exposure</td>
+
                                </td>
                            <td> /</td>
+
                            </tr>
                            <td>60 s</td>
+
                            <tr>
                            <td>
+
                                <td>time of light exposure</td>
                                estimated from experimental results
+
                                <td> /</td>
                            </td>
+
                                <td>60 s</td>
                        </tr>
+
                                <td>
                        </tbody>
+
                                    estimated from experimental results
                    </table>
+
                                </td>
 +
                            </tr>
 +
                            </tbody>
 +
                        </table>
 
                     </div>
 
                     </div>
 
                     <h1><span id="results" class="section"> &nbsp; </span>Results</h1>
 
                     <h1><span id="results" class="section"> &nbsp; </span>Results</h1>
 
                     <div class="ui segment">
 
                     <div class="ui segment">
                    <p>We simulated the dynamics of established logic gates with the numerical integration of their
+
                        <p>We simulated the dynamics of established logic gates with the numerical integration of their
                        mathematical models
+
                            mathematical models
                        described in the previous paragraphs. The results of our simulations are shown in
+
                            described in the previous paragraphs. The results of our simulations are shown in
                        <ref>fig:buffer</ref>
+
                            <ref>fig:buffer</ref>
                        ,
+
                            ,
                        <ref>fig:nor</ref>
+
                            <ref>fig:nor</ref>
                        ,
+
                            ,
                        <ref>fig:imply</ref>
+
                            <ref>fig:imply</ref>
                        and
+
                            and
                        <ref>fig:nimply</ref>
+
                            <ref>fig:nimply</ref>
                        .
+
                            .
                        They confirm our
+
                            They confirm our
                        assumption that all four types of logic functions offer short delay compared to their
+
                            assumption that all four types of logic functions offer short delay compared to their
                        equivalents based on
+
                            equivalents based on
                        genetic
+
                            genetic
                        regulatory networks. The rise and fall times of our gates are simulated to be at around 70
+
                            regulatory networks. The rise and fall times of our gates are simulated to be at around 70
                        seconds compared to
+
                            seconds compared to
                        hours
+
                            hours
                        that transcription regulation circuits usually require.
+
                            that transcription regulation circuits usually require.
                    </p>
+
                        </p>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:buffer">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:buffer">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/7/7a/T--Slovenia--5.5.6.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/7/7a/T--Slovenia--5.5.6.png">
                        <figcaption><b>$x_1$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$ is shown with
+
                            <figcaption><b>$x_1$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$ is shown
                            both possible
+
                                with
                            inputs
+
                                both possible
                            in the
+
                                inputs
                            following order 0, 1.
+
                                in the
                        </figcaption>
+
                                following order 0, 1.
                    </figure>
+
                            </figcaption>
 +
                        </figure>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:nor">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:nor">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/2/27/T--Slovenia--5.5.7.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/2/27/T--Slovenia--5.5.7.png">
                        <figcaption><b>$x_1$ NOR $x_2$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$ NOR
+
                            <figcaption><b>$x_1$ NOR $x_2$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$
                            $x_2$ is shown
+
                                NOR
                            with
+
                                $x_2$ is shown
                            all
+
                                with
                            four
+
                                all
                            possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
+
                                four
                        </figcaption>
+
                                possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
                    </figure>
+
                            </figcaption>
 +
                        </figure>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:imply">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:imply">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/0/06/T--Slovenia--5.5.8.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/0/06/T--Slovenia--5.5.8.png">
                        <figcaption><b>$x_2$ imply $x_1$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_2$
+
                            <figcaption><b>$x_2$ imply $x_1$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_2$
                            imply $x_1$ is
+
                                imply $x_1$ is
                            shown
+
                                shown
                            with all
+
                                with all
                            four
+
                                four
                            possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
+
                                possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
                        </figcaption>
+
                            </figcaption>
                    </figure>
+
                        </figure>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:nimply">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:nimply">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/11/T--Slovenia--5.5.9.png">
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/11/T--Slovenia--5.5.9.png">
                        <figcaption><b>$x_1$ nimply $x_2$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$
+
                            <figcaption><b>$x_1$ nimply $x_2$.</b> The output concentration of the logical function
                            nimply $x_2$ is
+
                                $x_1$
                            shown
+
                                nimply $x_2$ is
                            with
+
                                shown
                            all four possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
+
                                with
                        </figcaption>
+
                                all four possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
                    </figure>
+
                            </figcaption>
 +
                        </figure>
  
                    <p>
+
                        <p>
                        Our system also allows us to shorten the lifetime of the output signal without significantly
+
                            Our system also allows us to shorten the lifetime of the output signal without significantly
                        reducing its
+
                            reducing its
                        concentrations, by adding degradation tags to the output protein. The high output times achieved
+
                            concentrations, by adding degradation tags to the output protein. The high output times
                        can even be
+
                            achieved
                        similar
+
                            can even be
                        to
+
                            similar
                        the input light induction time of 1 minute. These two characteristics can importantly influence
+
                            to
                        several
+
                            the input light induction time of 1 minute. These two characteristics can importantly
                        sequential
+
                            influence
                        induction of logic gates and the further development of several layered logic circuits.
+
                            several
                    </p>
+
                            sequential
 +
                            induction of logic gates and the further development of several layered logic circuits.
 +
                        </p>
  
                    <figure data-ref="fig:reducedtime">
+
                        <figure data-ref="fig:reducedtime">
                        <img class="ui huge centered image"
+
                            <img class="ui huge centered image"
                            src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/0/08/T--Slovenia--5.5.10.png"
+
                                src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/0/08/T--Slovenia--5.5.10.png"
                        >
+
                            >
                        <figcaption>Shortened output time due to the addition of degradation tags to the output
+
                            <figcaption>Shortened output time due to the addition of degradation tags to the output
                            protein.
+
                                protein.
                        </figcaption>
+
                            </figcaption>
                    </figure>
+
                        </figure>
 +
 
 +
                        <h2 id="ref-title" class="ui centered dividing header">References</h2>
 +
                        <div class="citing" id="references"></div>
 +
                    </div>
 
                 </div>
 
                 </div>
 
             </div>
 
             </div>
 
         </div>
 
         </div>
 
     </div>
 
     </div>
</div>
 
 
</body>
 
</body>
 
</html>
 
</html>

Revision as of 18:51, 17 October 2016

Model Logic

  Modeling logic gates

Engineering and designing biological circuits constitute a central core of synthetic biology. In the context of our iGEM project, one the purpose was to create, tune and regulate novel pathways in living cells using a fast-relay system. The toolset of orthogonal proteases that we developed worked as input for logic function in mammalian cells. Therefore, here we propose schemes for implementation of all 16 two input binary logic functions based on a protein-protein interaction (coiled coil) and proteolysis system in cells. Designed logic gates based on protein-protein interaction are expected to have a shorter time delay compared to their analogues based on genetic regulatory networks Gaber:2014, Kiani:2014 .

The main post-translational modification on which signaling and information processing systems are based is protein phosphorylation, which enables reversibility and fast response. Proteolysis is on the other hand irreversible, which imposes some limitations with respect to phosphorylation. However for many applications fast activation is most important, while the time to reset the system in the resting state is not that important.

Our protein-based system is designed in such a way that it works through coiled coil interactions, where each coiled coil in the system is either free or bound to its partner depending on the proteolytic activity. Furthermore, the signal output is represented by reconstitution of a split protein (i.e. luciferase or protease), which is fused separately to different coiled coil segments. To prove the feasibility of this design, we simulated the system's behavior using deterministic modelling. The simulations were run in Wolfram Mathematica, using xCellerator's xlr8r libraries.

The designed binary logic gates can be divided into 5 subgroups, based on the position of the protease cleavage sites:

  • a) cleavage site between coiled-coils: conjunction, disjunction and both projection functions;
  • b) cleavage site between the coiled-coil and split protease: logical NAND, logical NOR and both negations;
  • c) cleavage sites between coiled-coils as well as between the coiled-coil and split protease in the same construct: material implication and converse implication;
  • d) cleavage sites between coiled-coils as well as between the coiled-coil and split protease in different constructs: exclusive disjunction, logical biconditional, material nonimplication and converse nonimplication;
  • e) no cleavage sites: tautology and contradiction.

For applications that require fast response (e.g. protein secretion), which are the purpose of our attempt, only falsity preserving gates are appropriate, as biological systems usually require fast activation and not fast deactivation. The following functions correspond to the desired condition: both projection functions, conjunction, disjunction, exclusive disjunction, material nonimplication, converse nonimplication and true.

Since the dynamics of both functions in subgroup e) is trivial, i.e. output is a constant, their modelling is omitted. We selected a single function from the other four subgroups, for which a mathematical model was established and analysed. We selected the following functions $f_1(x_1, x_2) = x_1$ from subgroup a), $f_2(x_1, x_2) = \neg(x_1 \vee x_2)$ from b), $f_3(x_1, x_2) = x_2 \Rightarrow x_1$ from c) and $f_4(x_1, x_2) = \neg(x_1 \Rightarrow x_2)$ from d).

Inducible proteases were assumed as the two input variables for each function. The logical values true and false were in all the cases presented with high and low amounts of output proteins or input proteases, respectively. Where the output signal is presented with several different proteins, the sum of their concentrations was observed. The schemes of the assumed reactions included in the implementation of described logical functions are represented in fig:scheme_buffer , fig:scheme_nor , fig:schemes_imply and fig:schemes_nimply . All of them ignore the leakage due to the binding of the coiled-coils before cleavage, which could be solved by setting the building elements with appropriate parameters as demonstrated in the experimental section on the CC-based logic design.

Scheme of the modelled function $f_1$.The output is represented with the emission of light induced by reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
Scheme of the modelled function $f_2$. The output is represented with the emission of light induced by reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
Scheme of the modelled function $f_3$. The output is represented with the emission of light induced by reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.
Scheme of the modelled function $f_4$. The output is represented with the emission of light induced by reconstitution of the split firefly luciferase reporter.

  Deterministic modeling

We have established the following ordinary differential equations (ODEs) based model:

Projection function $f_1$

\begin{align} v'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ u'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1'(t), \\ g'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * g(t) - \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\ g_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \beta_2 * g_1i(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) - \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t), \\ g_1g_2'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) + \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\ g_1i'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1i(t) - \beta_2 * g_1i(t) + \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t), \\ g_2'(t) =& \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \delta_1 * g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\ i'(t) =& \alpha_1+ \beta_2 * g_1i(t) - \delta_1 * i(t) - \beta_1 * g_1(t) * i(t),\\ p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t) \end{align}

Logical NOR $f_2$

\begin{align} c'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * c(t) + \beta_2 * cd(t) - \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) - \tau * c(t) * p_1(t), \\ c_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * c_1(t) + \tau * c(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t), \\ c_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * c_2(t) + \tau * c(t) * p_1(t), \\ c_2d'(t) =& \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t), \\ cd'(t) =& -\delta_1 * cd(t) - \beta_2 * cd(t) + \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) - \tau * cd(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t), \\ cd_2'(t) =& \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t), \\ v'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ w'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t)+ \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\ u'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ z'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\ d'(t) =& \alpha_1+ \beta_2 * cd(t) - \delta_1 * d(t) - \beta_1 * c(t) * d(t) - \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\ d_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_1(t) + \tau * cd(t) * p_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\ d_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\ p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t) \end{align}

Converse implication f3

\begin{align} b'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * b(t) - \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) + \beta_2 * k_1b(t), \\ v'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ w'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\ u'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ z'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\ k'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * k(t) - \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * k(t) * p_2(t), \\ k_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_1(t) - \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) + \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) + \\ & \gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) + \beta_2 * k_1b(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t) \\ &+ \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t), \\ k_{12}'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_{12}(t) - \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) + \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t), \\ k_{123}'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) + \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t), \\ k_1b'(t) =& \beta_1 * b(t) * k_1(t) - \delta_1 * k_1b(t) - \beta_2 * k_1b(t), \\ k_1k_2'(t) =& -\tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_2(t), \\ k_2'(t) =& \gamma_2 * k_{12}(t) - \delta_1 * k_2(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_2(t) + \tau * k_1k_2(t) * p_1(t) + \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\ k_{23}'(t) =& \gamma_2 * k_{123}(t) - \delta_1 * k_{23}(t) - \gamma_1 * k_1(t) * k_{23}(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_1(t) - \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\ k_3'(t) =& -\delta_1 * k_3(t) + \tau * k(t) * p_2(t) + \tau * k_{23}(t) * p_2(t), \\ p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t) \end{align}

Mathematical nonimplication f4

\begin{align} v'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * v(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ w'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * w(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\ u'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * u(t) - \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) + \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ z'(t) =& \alpha_2 - \delta_1 * z(t) - \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) + \sigma_2 * p_2(t), \\ d'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * d(t) - \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) + \beta_2 * g_1d(t) - \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\ d_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_1(t) - \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t), \\ d_2'(t) =& -\delta_1 * d_2(t) + \tau * d(t) * p_2(t) + \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\ g'(t) =& \alpha_1- \delta_1 * g(t) - \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\ g_1'(t) =& -\delta_1 * g_1(t) - \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) - \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) \\ & + \beta_2 * g_1d(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\ g_1d'(t) =& \beta_1 * d(t) * g_1(t) - \delta_1 * g_1d(t) - \beta_2 * g_1d(t) - \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\ g_1d_1'(t) =& \gamma_1 * d_1(t) * g_1(t) - \gamma_2 * g_1d_1(t) + \tau * g_1d(t) * p_2(t), \\ g_1g_2'(t) =& -\gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) + \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t) + \tau * g(t) * p_1(t), \\ g_2'(t) =& \gamma_2 * g_1g_2(t) - \delta_1 * g_2(t) - \gamma_1 * g_1(t) * g_2(t), \\ p_1'(t) =& \sigma_1 * v(t) * u(t) * l_1(t) - \sigma_2 * p_1(t), \\ p_2'(t) =& \sigma_1 * w(t) * z(t) * l_2(t) - \sigma_2 * p_2(t) \end{align}

The function of light presence, denoted with $l(t)$, $l_1(t)$ or $l_2(t)$, is a piecewise function which equals 1 if the light is present and 0 otherwise. Functions $p_1$, $p_2$, $g$, $g_1$, $g_1d$, $g_1d_1$, $g_1g_2$, $g_1i$, $g_2$, $c$, $c_1$, $c_2$, $c_2d$, $cd$, $cd_2$, $w$, $z$, $d$, $d_1$, $d_2$, $k$, $k_1$, $k_{12}$, $k_{123}$, $k_1b$, $k_1k_2$, $k_2$, $k_{23}$, $k_3$, $i$, $b$, $k$, $v$, $u$, $w$, $z$ present concentrations of the equally labelled proteins. The constants used for the model are described in tab:refs .

Description Name Rate Reference
protein production rate $\alpha$ 3.5 * 20$^{-2}$ nMs$^{-1}$ Mariani:2010, Alon:2006
light inducible split protease production rate $\alpha_2$ 7 * 10$^{-1}$ nMs$^{-1}$ protein:protease DNA ratio is 1:20
protein degradation rate $\delta_1$ Log[2] / (3600 * 9) $s^{-1}$ Eden:2011
light inducible split protease dissociation rate $\sigma_2$ Log[2] / (60 * 5.5) s$^{-1}$ Taslimi:2016
light inducible split protease association rate $\sigma_1$ 1 nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$ Alon:2006
protease cleavage rate $\tau$ 1.2 * 10$^-6$ nM$^-1$ s$^{-1}$ Yi:2013
stronger coiled coils association rate $\beta_1$ 3.17 * 10$^{-3}$ nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$ DeCrescenzo:2003
stronger coiled coils dissociation rate $\beta_2$ 2 * 10$^{-4}$ s$^{-1}$ DeCrescenzo:2003
weaker coiled coils association rate $\gamma_1$ 7.3 * 10$^{-6}$ nM$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$ DeCrescenzo:2003
weaker coiled coils dissociation rate $\gamma_2$ 1.67 * 10$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$ DeCrescenzo:2003
time of light exposure / 60 s estimated from experimental results

  Results

We simulated the dynamics of established logic gates with the numerical integration of their mathematical models described in the previous paragraphs. The results of our simulations are shown in fig:buffer , fig:nor , fig:imply and fig:nimply . They confirm our assumption that all four types of logic functions offer short delay compared to their equivalents based on genetic regulatory networks. The rise and fall times of our gates are simulated to be at around 70 seconds compared to hours that transcription regulation circuits usually require.

$x_1$. The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$ is shown with both possible inputs in the following order 0, 1.
$x_1$ NOR $x_2$. The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$ NOR $x_2$ is shown with all four possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
$x_2$ imply $x_1$. The output concentration of the logical function $x_2$ imply $x_1$ is shown with all four possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).
$x_1$ nimply $x_2$. The output concentration of the logical function $x_1$ nimply $x_2$ is shown with all four possible inputs in the following order (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1).

Our system also allows us to shorten the lifetime of the output signal without significantly reducing its concentrations, by adding degradation tags to the output protein. The high output times achieved can even be similar to the input light induction time of 1 minute. These two characteristics can importantly influence several sequential induction of logic gates and the further development of several layered logic circuits.

Shortened output time due to the addition of degradation tags to the output protein.

References