{{:Team:Aix-Marseille/Template-Top|Environment}}

{{:Team:Aix-Marseille/Template-Top|Environment}}

The main source is obviously the catalytic converters. As a catalyst platinum is not supposed to leave the converter but during the lifetime of the converter a certain amount is released and is dispersed in environment. [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Industry Others uses] of platinum can generate pollution with platinum as the uses in the medical field. Patients will be exposed at high concentration and will reject (faeces and urine) in sewage high amounts of platinum. All the electronic industry is a source of pollution, since the e-waste are enriched in platinum. If recycling is not properly performed this platinum can be released in environnement.  

The main source is obviously the catalytic converters. As a catalyst platinum is not supposed to leave the converter but during the lifetime of the converter a certain amount is released and is dispersed in environment. [https://2016.igem.org/Team:Aix-Marseille/Integrated_Practices/Industry Others uses] of platinum can generate pollution with platinum as the uses in the medical field. Patients will be exposed at high concentration and will reject (faeces and urine) in sewage high amounts of platinum. All the electronic industry is a source of pollution, since the e-waste are enriched in platinum. If recycling is not properly performed this platinum can be released in environnement.  

A plenty of studies assess the increase in metals around in environment. Many places and many metals are concerned all over the world and to demonstrate that, representative example are displayed in this page. Metal pollution in environnement is diverse and platinum is not the only metal polluting the environnement, not at all. However we'll focus here on Platinum and Palladium pollution.

A plenty of studies assess the increase in metals around in environment. Many places and many metals are concerned all over the world and to demonstrate that, representative example are displayed in this page. Metal pollution in environnement is diverse and platinum is not the only metal polluting the environnement, not at all. However we'll focus here on Platinum and Palladium pollution.

As platinum and palladium are used as catalic converters the main source of pollution is close the axis of car traffic, i.e. roads and highways. Several studies show differents concentrations as context of measures are always differents and the factors involved in concentration are much complex.  

As platinum and palladium are used as catalic converters the main source of pollution is close the axis of car traffic, i.e. roads and highways. Several studies show differents concentrations as context of measures are always differents and the factors involved in concentration are much complex.  

Even greater value have been found, reaching the impressive value of '''132µg/kg'''<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es061453s Zereini and al., 2007</ref>.   

Even greater value have been found, reaching the impressive value of '''132µg/kg'''<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es061453s Zereini and al., 2007</ref>.   

plants are a biological compartment able to concentrate all type of poàllutant present in the envioronnment. Thus, many studies have bneen carried out to assess the concentration in plants living near pollution source as a highway or a road.

plants are a biological compartment able to concentrate all type of poàllutant present in the envioronnment. Thus, many studies have bneen carried out to assess the concentration in plants living near pollution source as a highway or a road.

Somes species of birch trees are also able to accumulate platinum to a value up to '''1350ng/g''' and ashes from pine trees presents platinum concentration around '''5000ng/g'''<ref name="reith2014">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825214000063?np=y Reith and al., 2014</ref>.  

Somes species of birch trees are also able to accumulate platinum to a value up to '''1350ng/g''' and ashes from pine trees presents platinum concentration around '''5000ng/g'''<ref name="reith2014">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825214000063?np=y Reith and al., 2014</ref>.  

Concentrations found in Rhine river help to realize how concentrations in platinum could increase with the effluents due to the rain washing. Concentration usually found are about 5ng/g but after a rain events (all soils, and surfaces are washed out) this concentration reach a value of '''31.2µg/g''' thus increased a '''thousand''' times <ref name="reith2014"/>

Concentrations found in Rhine river help to realize how concentrations in platinum could increase with the effluents due to the rain washing. Concentration usually found are about 5ng/g but after a rain events (all soils, and surfaces are washed out) this concentration reach a value of '''31.2µg/g''' thus increased a '''thousand''' times <ref name="reith2014"/>

In urban area, the source of platinum are every where as many types of vehicles are always present in thoses places. Exhaust gas froms catalyst converter are pervasive in such area and scientist have expected to find high, hence their studies in those areas.

In urban area, the source of platinum are every where as many types of vehicles are always present in thoses places. Exhaust gas froms catalyst converter are pervasive in such area and scientist have expected to find high, hence their studies in those areas.

If rivers gather pollution, the sewage sludge contain the main pollutants once presents in the waters..

If rivers gather pollution, the sewage sludge contain the main pollutants once presents in the waters..

As produced steadily in great quantities, sewage sludge could be a very good source for our process.

As produced steadily in great quantities, sewage sludge could be a very good source for our process.

In earth crust :'''5µg/kg'''

In earth crust :'''5µg/kg'''

In coal: '''5µg/kg'''  

In coal: '''5µg/kg'''  

In your blood : '''0.1- 3.8µg/kg'''

In your blood : '''0.1- 3.8µg/kg'''

Metals pollution in environnement is a concern for health autorities for a long time. However metal pollution is increasing so fast for so many metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Co, Pb, Mo, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se...) that the actual solution to deal with such pollution is actually to burn and confin ashes from sewage sludges. Indeed the classical treatment with bacetria is unefficent to eliminate  such metals pollutions. So the sludge are burned and then stocked as pollutant materials.

Metals pollution in environnement is a concern for health autorities for a long time. However metal pollution is increasing so fast for so many metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Co, Pb, Mo, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se...) that the actual solution to deal with such pollution is actually to burn and confin ashes from sewage sludges. Indeed the classical treatment with bacetria is unefficent to eliminate  such metals pollutions. So the sludge are burned and then stocked as pollutant materials.

This solution allow to prevent the contamination in enivormnnement since sludges are classicaly spreaded in field, but it doesn't reduce pollution in environnement and worse, produce contamined ashes, unvalorizable and unusable materials which need to be stocked.  

This solution allow to prevent the contamination in enivormnnement since sludges are classicaly spreaded in field, but it doesn't reduce pollution in environnement and worse, produce contamined ashes, unvalorizable and unusable materials which need to be stocked.