Team:IIT-Madras/codonut

{{IIT-Madras-Top/CSS}

Coconut

A Game based on Codon Bias

Every cell has it's genetic information stored in the form of DNA. DNA is basically a language of cells, which has only four letters A, T, G and C. Cells follow the commands given by the stored information in DNA. In order to execute the commands, cells convert the information from a stable language into rather less stable one, RNA. RNA also has only four letters A, U, G and C. Information stored in RNA are converted to make proteins. On a given command, cells start reading every three consecutive letters of RNA to code for a single amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which perform various important functions for cell.

In the translation of RNA to Protein, a phenomenon, known as, Codon Bias, has been observed. As mentioned above, out of four letters of RNA, cell reads three consecutive letters. In this way, we can have a total of 4*4*4 = 64 triple letters (codons), which code for only 20 amino acids. This leads to a degeneracy, where more than one codon can code for one amino acid. In this situation, Ribosome, which does the translation process, chooses one codon over other codons to code for amino acids. This is Codon Bias. There can be various reasons for codon bias. Certain codons may be present in the cells in abundance, which helps Ribosome to make many more protein molecules. Also, specific codons could also boost or slow down the protein making process due to various unknown reasons.