Team:DTU-Denmark/substrate
Title
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Section 1
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The dimorphic, non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, belonging to the Ascomyceta phylum, was first isolated in 1960s from lipid-rich materials, hence the name “lipolytica”. The organism was classified and reclassified a number of times, first as Candida lipolytica, then Endomycopsis lipolytica, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica and finally Yarrowia lipolytica1. The figure shows Y. lipolytica cells under a microscope. The magnification factor is 100x.
In recent years Y. Lipolytica has received increased attention from researchers, as studies have found it to possess great potential for producing industrial enzymes and pharmaceutical proteins Biotechnological applications of Yarrowia lipolytica: Past, present and future. This potential is a result of several advantages Y. Lipolytica has over the conventional yeast S. cerevisiae. Y. Lipolytica prefer secreting proteins through the co-transcription pathway and does so very efficiently2, it does not exhibit hyperglycosylation as S. cerevisiae3. Y. Lipolytica has also been shown to exhibit excellent characteristics for the production of value-added chemicals such as a long range of organic acids and polyols Biotechnological applications of Yarrowia lipolytica: Past, present and future, and the recent introduction of several genome-scale models for Y. Lipolytica will most likely lead to more processes utilizing the chassis for production. Perhaps the most important advantage for using Y. Lipolytica over S. cerevisiae, to our project at least, is the broad substrate utilization range of Y. Lipolytica. Y. Lipolytica is known to naturally utilize alcohols (especially glycerol), acetate and hydrophobic substrates (eg. alkanes, fatty acids and oils) as carbon sources4. This has naturally lead to Y. Lipolytica becoming a model organism for several metabolic pathways, especially fatty acid transport and metabolism, and single cell oil (SCO) accumulation. Y. Lipolytica has even been shown to exhibit enhanced growth on mixed substrates Yarrowia lipolytica as an oleaginous cell factory platform for production of fatty acid-based biofuel and bioproducts, which renders it ideal for utilization of industrial waste streams due to the highly diverse content of these. These findings had us believe that we had found an excellent candidate chassis for our project. The table shows a comparison of the substrate range of Y. Lipolytica W29 and S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D.
| Y. Lipolytica | S. cerevisiae | |
|---|---|---|
| Sediment from canola oil production | µ = 0.31 | None |
| Glycerol from Perstop | µ = 0.27 | None |
| Glycerol from Emmelev | µ = 0.45 | None |
| Glycerol from Daka | µ = 0.31 | None |
| Molasses from Dansukker | µ = 0.42* | µ = 0.47 |
* it should be noted that the molasses was autoclaved thus degrading some of the sucrose content. This growth might not be possible to replicate with untreated molasses.
As seen in the table Y. Lipolytica is able to grow on all the waste sources we tested, while S. cerevisiae is only able to grow on molasses.
Methods
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Section 2.1
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$$ a_w^\rho \quad \quad $$
When $a \ne 0$, there are two solutions to \(ax^2 + bx + c = 0\) and they are
$$x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}.$$
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Section 2.2
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Section 2.3
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Section 3
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Section 4
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Section 5
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Section 6
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