We believe to have found a solution for this problem. In our project, we are producing biological microlenses. By transforming E. coli with a gene encoding the enzyme silicatein, we are able to cover the cell in a layer of biological glass, transforming the cell into a microlens. We have successfully proven that we are able to produce these microlenses. We produce these microlenses at physiological conditions without using any harmful chemicals. This enables us to produce microlens arrays that are environmentally friendly. By adding a layer of our biological microlenses on the surface of a solar cell, we can have the same effect as using a conventional microlens array but with a much smaller environmental footprint. Furthermore, we have shown that by also genetically modifying the bacteria with the gene BolA we are able to produce spherical microlenses that are 10-100x smaller than conventional microlenses. Current techniques are not sufficient enough to produce microlenses of this size at large scale (Krupenkin, Yang, & Mach, 2003). Therefore, our microlenses are not only greener, but also solve production limitations encountered in the conventional microlens industry.

Since there is a core of bacteria in our lens, either dead or alive, it could mean our cells had different optical properties compared to conventional microlenses. We have tested these cells in professional in real-world conditions, by applying the cells onto an actual solar cell and testing them under the solar simulator. A solar simulator is a light source that reproduces the light emitted by the sun. First of all, we measured the absorption of our cells. Because our lenses contain cells on the inside, they could absorb the light instead of focus it. We tested this feature with spectroscopy.

Here we have found that our cells did not absorb significantly more light than the glass layer that is usually applied on solar cells. Furthermore, testing our cells on solar cells under the solar simulator showed no detrimental effects of our cells on the efficiency of solar cells. Therefore, we can conclude that our cells do not have a negative impact on the solar cells, which is a promising outlook for our biological microlens arrays. More information can be found on the demonstrate page

Since our biological lenses are produced under physiological conditions, the production process is already much greener compared to the conventional microlenses. However, the production is not the only factor to take into account the environmental impact of a product. We are bringing our product out of the lab, in the outside world, so the direct impact on the environment and the disposal of the product are also issues. Our product consists of a live bacterium with a glass shell around its membrane. Several safety issues have to be taken into account when bringing a GMO in the environment. The specific design of our microorganism is not associated with any significant risks, see our risk assessment, so it could be possible to get a license to use the organism on solar panels. However, we have made use of antibiotic resistance to transform the cells. This could be transferred to other bacteria by horizontal gene transfer, resulting in new antibiotic resistant strains. This could impose a serious health risk for the population. Therefore, we have researched ways to sterilize the biolenses, without disturbing the optical properties of the lenses. We have developed a method of UV-sterilization to kill the cells inside the lens, without disturbing the lens itself. This makes the application of our cells into the outside world very safe.

There is also research done into the use of micro lenses to produce light weight camera’s that can be used in, for example, smartphones. For smartphones it is important that the cameras are both lightweight and have a high resolution. Microlenses could be used to create both light weight and high resolution cameras. Another possibility to use microlenses is when you want to focus multiple focal planes at the same time. This means that you can focus upon different points that are not at the same height (z-direction). Regular cameras or microscopes can only focus upon one height at the same time.

For the last two options, it is important that the microlenses have always exactly the same properties. This means that they always should have the same size and the same optical properties. We have already solved this problem by using the BolA gene, making the shape of the cells spherical and more homogeneous. A FACS scanner could probably be used to do detect the cells with certain properties. However, more research is required to make this possible. For the applications were the goal is purely to capture more light, it is not necessarily a requirement that every microlens has the exact same properties. The biologically produced microlenses can easily be implemented in these kind of applications.