Difference between revisions of "Team:Dundee/Hardware"

Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{Dundee}}
+
<html lang="en">
−
<html>
+
  <head>
 +
    <meta charset="utf-8">
 +
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
 +
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
 +
    <!-- The above 3 meta tags *must* come first in the head; any other head content must come *after* these tags -->
 +
    <title>Dundee 2016</title>
  
  
 +
<!-- Latest compiled and minified CSS -->
 +
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
  
 +
<!-- Optional theme -->
 +
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" integrity="sha384-rHyoN1iRsVXV4nD0JutlnGaslCJuC7uwjduW9SVrLvRYooPp2bWYgmgJQIXwl/Sp" crossorigin="anonymous">
  
 +
<!-- Latest compiled and minified JavaScript -->
 +
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-Tc5IQib027qvyjSMfHjOMaLkfuWVxZxUPnCJA7l2mCWNIpG9mGCD8wGNIcPD7Txa" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
  
−
<p>iGEM is about making teams of students making synthetic biology projects. We encourage teams to work with parts and build biological devices in the lab. But we are inclusive and want all teams to work on many other types of problems in synbio. Robotic assembly, microfluidics, low cost equipment and measurement hardware are all areas ripe for innovation in synbio. </p>
 
  
−
<p>
+
 
−
Teams who are interested in working with hardware as a side project are encouraged to apply for the hardware award.  
+
  <style>
 +
 +
#sideMenu, #top_title {display:none;}
 +
#content { padding:0px; width:100%;    margin-left:0px;}
 +
body {background-color:white; width:100%;}
 +
#bodyContent h1, #bodyContent h2, #bodyContent h3, #bodyContent h4, #bodyContent h5 { margin-bottom: 0px; }
 +
#bodyContent {
 +
    padding-right: 0px;}
 +
       
 +
        img.grayscale {
 +
  filter: url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\'><filter id=\'grayscale\'><feColorMatrix type=\'matrix\' values=\'0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 0 0 0 0 0 1 0\'/></filter></svg>#grayscale"); /* Firefox 3.5+ */
 +
  filter: gray; /* IE6-9 */
 +
  -webkit-filter: grayscale(100%); /* Chrome 19+ & Safari 6+ */
 +
}
 +
 
 +
img.grayscale:hover {
 +
  filter: none;
 +
  -webkit-filter: grayscale(0%);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
       
 +
        #menuDisplay{
 +
                display:none;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
        #home_logo{
 +
                display:none;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
 
 +
   
 +
.navbar-brand{
 +
padding-top:25px;
 +
 +
}
 +
#navbar{
 +
padding-top:5px;
 +
                float:right;
 +
 +
}
 +
 +
 +
#BackImg{
 +
margin:0 auto;
 +
padding:30px 0px 0px 0px;
 +
position:relative;
 +
                width:100%;
 +
}
 +
 +
#BackImg img{
 +
width:100%;
 +
}
 +
        #BackImg h1 {
 +
  position: absolute;
 +
  top:40%;
 +
  text-align: center;
 +
  width: 100%;
 +
  padding-top:20px;
 +
  padding-bottom:17px;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
#BackImg h1 span {
 +
  color: white;
 +
  font: bold 5vw/45px Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
  letter-spacing: -1px; 
 +
  background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */
 +
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
 +
  padding: 10px;
 +
  padding-bottom:15px;
 +
  text-align: center;
 +
}
 +
 +
#BackImg h2 {
 +
  position: absolute;
 +
  top:55%;
 +
  text-align: center;
 +
  width: 100%;
 +
  padding-top:15px;
 +
  padding-bottom:10px;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
#BackImg h2 span {
 +
  color:#3D72A4;
 +
  font: bold 5vw/45px Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
  letter-spacing: -1px; 
 +
  background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */
 +
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
 +
  padding-bottom:5px;
 +
  text-align:center;
 +
}           
 +
 
 +
#OverView{
 +
 +
 +
}
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
#SplashTitle p{
 +
        border-bottom: none;
 +
        font: 4vw/6vw Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
text-align: center;
 +
color:black;
 +
padding-top:15px;
 +
       
 +
}
 +
 +
 +
#SplashTitleUnder p{
 +
font:3vw/4vw Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
text-align: center;
 +
color:#3D72A4;
 +
                        padding-bottom:15px;
 +
                        padding-top:3%;
 +
}
 +
#ProjectDesCon{
 +
        height:100%;
 +
        margin-left:5%;
 +
        margin-right:5%;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
        #ProjectDesCon h3{
 +
        font: 2.3vw/2vw Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
        padding-top:15px;
 +
        padding-bottom:15px;
 +
        text-align:left;
 +
          color:black;
 +
       
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
#ProjectDesCon p{
 +
 +
font: 1.7vw/2vw Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
                padding-bottom:2%;
 +
               
 +
               
 +
}
 +
 
 +
        #ProjectDesCon li{
 +
 +
font: 1.7vw/1.5vw Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
                padding-bottom:15px;
 +
                color:#3D72A4;
 +
                       
 +
}
 +
 
 +
        #ProjectDesCon ol{
 +
                margin-bottom:2%;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
        #FlaskImg img{
 +
float:right;
 +
        width:30%;
 +
        padding-left:25px;
 +
       
 +
       
 +
}
 +
        #FlaskImg p{
 +
       
 +
 
 +
}
 +
        #FlaskStyleFifty1{
 +
        float:left;
 +
        width:50%;
 +
        padding-right:3%;
 +
        }
 +
#FlaskStyleFifty1 p{
 +
text-align:left;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
     
 +
       
 +
        }
 +
        #FlaskStyleFifty2{
 +
        float:right;
 +
        width:50%;
 +
        padding-left:3%;
 +
       
 +
        }
 +
#FlaskStyleFifty2 p{
 +
text-align:left;
 +
}
 +
     
 +
       
 +
       
 +
        #ColicinImg{
 +
                padding-top:15px;
 +
                width:100%;
 +
                margin:0 auto;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
      #ColicinImg img{
 +
 
 +
                width:100%;
 +
      }
 +
#CytoGifAlign{
 +
                padding-top:15px;
 +
                width:55%;
 +
                margin:0 auto;
 +
margin-bottom:4%
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
#CytoGifAlign img{
 +
width:100%;
 +
 
 +
}
 +
 
 +
#CytoGifAlign2{
 +
                padding-top:15px;
 +
                width:75%;
 +
                margin:0 auto;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
#CytoGifAlign2 img{
 +
width:100%;
 +
margin-bottom:5%;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
            #CytoGifHeader p{
 +
                font: 1.3vw/1.7vw Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
 +
                padding-top:15px;
 +
                padding-bottom:15px;
 +
                text-align:center;
 +
                color:#3D72A4;
 +
                margin-bottom:4%;
 +
        }
 +
     
 +
#FlaskImg1 img{
 +
float:right;
 +
        width:60%;
 +
        padding-left:25px;
 +
       
 +
       
 +
}
 +
        #FlaskImg1 p{
 +
       
 +
 
 +
}
 +
        #FlaskPos1{
 +
        float:left;
 +
        width:40%;
 +
      padding-top:1%;
 +
       
 +
        }
 +
#FlaskPos1 p{
 +
text-align:left
 +
}
 +
       
 +
#spacer{
 +
        height:100px;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
#SponserFooter{
 +
margin:30px 0px 60px 0px;
 +
 +
}
 +
#SponserFooter img {
 +
width:100%;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
.SponserLink{
 +
float:left;
 +
width:17%;
 +
margin-right:3%;
 +
border-bottom:1px solid white;
 +
 +
}
 +
#BBSRC{
 +
margin-left:1.5%;
 +
}
 +
#WellcomeT{
 +
margin-right:1.5%;
 +
}
 +
 +
#finalFooter{
 +
background-color:grey;
 +
width:100%;
 +
height:100%;
 +
margin-top:10px;
 +
 +
}
 +
#footWrapper{
 +
margin:0 auto;
 +
width:33%;
 +
                height:100%;
 +
}
 +
 +
 +
.footerImg img{
 +
width: 33%;
 +
float:left;
 +
}
 +
 +
#MiddleTxt{
 +
margin-top:10px;
 +
               
 +
}
 +
#bodyContent a[href ^="https://"], .link-https {
 +
padding-right:0px;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
</style>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
  <body>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<!-- Fixed navbar -->
 +
    <nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top">
 +
      <div style="padding-right:5%; padding-bottom:0px;" "class="container">
 +
        <div class="navbar-header">
 +
          <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar">
 +
            <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
 +
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
 +
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
 +
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
 +
          </button>
 +
          <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee" class="navbar-brand">UoD iGEM 2016</a>
 +
        </div>
 +
        <div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
 +
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
 +
            <li class="dropdown">
 +
  <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Project <span class="caret"></span></a>
 +
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Description">Description</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Design">Design</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Results">Results</a></li>
 +
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Hardware">Hardware</a></li>
 +
              </ul>
 +
</li>
 +
            <li ><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Model">Modelling</a></li>
 +
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Proof">Proof of Concept</a></li>
 +
<li class="dropdown">
 +
              <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Human Practices <span class="caret"></span></a>
 +
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
 +
    <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Human_Practices">Human Practices Overview</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Integrated_Practices">Integrated Human Practices</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HP/Silver">HP/silver</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HP/Gold">HP/gold</a></li>
 +
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Engagement">Public Engagement</a></li>
 +
              </ul>
 +
            </li>
 +
<li class="dropdown">
 +
              <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Achievements <span class="caret"></span></a>
 +
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Parts">Parts</a></li>
 +
<li ><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Basic_Part">Basic Parts</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Composite_Part">Composite Parts</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Part_Collection">Parts Collection</a></li>
 +
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Experiments">Awards</a></li>
 +
              </ul>
 +
            </li>
 +
<li class="dropdown">
 +
              <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Notebook <span class="caret"></span></a>
 +
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
 +
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Notebook">Lab Book</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Safety">Safety</a></li>
 +
              </ul>
 +
<li class="dropdown">
 +
              <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Team <span class="caret"></span></a>
 +
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
 +
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Team">Meet The Agents</a></li>
 +
                <li class="active"><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Attributions">Attributions</a></li>
 +
                <li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Dundee/Collaborations">Collaboration</a></li>
 +
              </ul>
 +
            </li>
 +
          </ul>
 +
        </div><!--/.nav-collapse -->
 +
      </div>
 +
    </nav>
 +
 
 +
                  <div id="BackImg">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/1a/T--Dundee--Attributions.jpg" />
 +
                                <h1><span>Hardware</span></h1>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
   
 +
 +
 +
<div class="container">
 +
<div id = "SplashTitle">
 +
<p></p>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<div id="SplashTitleUnder">
 +
<p>ACME Stomach Masher</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<div class="container">
 +
<div  id= "ProjectDesCon">
 +
<h3>Introduction</h3>
 +
 +
 +
 +
<div id=" #FlaskImg1">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/9/97/T--Dundee--Hardware1st.png">
 +
</div>
 +
<div id="#FlaskPos1">
 +
<p>According to Kozu, et al. a simple compressing, rolling motion adequately simulates the stomach’s mechanical stress. With that in mind reusing the internals of a printer came to mind as rollers and motors would be among the recovered parts. Not only was this an economical option but also a environmentally friendly one. The contents of the stomach would be put in a plastic bag that would be passed back and forth through the recovered rollers. To put it all together the Dundee Maker Space laser cutter would be put to
 +
use extensively.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="container">
 +
<div  id= "ProjectDesCon">
 +
<h3>Planning</h3>
 +
 +
<p>The stomach was modeled in OnShape, a free cloud based CAD suite. Initially the design took advantage of the printer’s linear scanner drive since linear motion was required for the stomach. This choice is reflected in the image above. Unfortunately the motor for the scanner motion was not powerful enough to properly move the contents of the stomach. </p>
 +
 +
<div id="CytoGifAlign">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/a/ae/T--Dundee--Hardware2.png">
 +
</div>
 +
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="container">
 +
<div  id= "ProjectDesCon">
 +
<h3>Building</h3>
 +
 +
<p>As mentioned, initially the motion was to be provided by the scanner motor. Using this would have simplified the design since it already created a linear motion. Also, controlling it would have been very simple. A double pole double throw (DPDT) switch can easily be used as a mechanical H-Bridge (bi-directional motor controller). When in one position the motor will rotate clockwise, and when flipped to the other position it rotates counter-clockwise. The red end-stops in the image above were positioned to actuate the switch when it reached each end. As soon as it hit the end of travel it would immediately reverse direction. The dead-spot in the switch where it is in neither positions
 +
and therefore not conducting electricity was too large and resulted in no motion.
 +
</p>
 +
<div id="CytoGifAlign">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/1e/T--Dundee--Hardware3.png">
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<p>With the scanner not working, a spool and thread was turned to. Printers also contain several gear trains, which reduce speed and increase torque, something the scanner motor could have used more of. The string had trouble staying positively engaged with the spool unless under extreme tension. At that point
 +
though the motor needed to do extra work to overcome the added friction. Another issue was that the string would always jam up on one side or the other, depending on the direction of rotation. Looking back, both
 +
problems could have been solved by a much wider spool with the string fastened in the middle. As the string unspooled from one side, it would be taken in on the other. So long as the width of the spool is sufficient, the string will never encounter the edge. Without the benefit of hindsight in the moment, a new method of motion was devised.
 
</p>
 
</p>
  
−
<h5>Inspiration</h5>
+
<div id="CytoGifAlign">
−
<p>You can look at what other teams did to get some inspiration! <br />
+
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/f/f0/T--Dundee--Hardware4.png">
−
Here are a few examples:</p>
+
</div>
−
<ul>
+
−
<li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft">2015 TU Delft  </a></li>
+
−
<li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:TU_Darmstadt">2015 TU Darmstadt</a></li>
+
−
<li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Cambridge-JIC">2015 Cambridge JIC</a></li>
+
−
</ul>
+
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="container">
 +
<div  id= "ProjectDesCon">
 +
<h3 style = "color:#3D72A4;">References</h3>
 +
<div id ="CytoGifHeader">
 +
                          <p>Hiroyuki Kozu, Yuki Nakata, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, Marcos A. Neves, Kunihiko Uemura, Seigo Sato, Isao Kobayashi, Sosaku Ichikawa “Development of a Human Gastric Digestion Simulator Equipped with Peristalsis Function for the Direct Observation and Analysis of the Food Digestion Process”, Food Science and Technology Research, 20 (2), p.225-233</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
<div class="container">
 +
<div id="SponserFooter">
 +
<div  id = "BBSRC" class="SponserLink">
 +
<a href="http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/">
 +
<img class="grayscale" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/8/8b/T--Dundee--BBSRCFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div  class="SponserLink">
 +
<a href="http://www.dundee.ac.uk/">
 +
<img class="grayscale" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/a/a8/T--Dundee--UoDFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div  class="SponserLink">
 +
<a href="https://www.idtdna.com/site">
 +
<img class="grayscale" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/0/03/T--Dundee--IDTFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="SponserLink">
 +
<a href="https://www.sebiology.org/">
 +
<img  class="grayscale"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/f/f0/T--Dundee--SEBFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div id = "WellcomeT" class="SponserLink">
 +
<a href="https://wellcome.ac.uk/">
 +
<img class="grayscale"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/2/22/T--Dundee--WELLTFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
 +
    </div> <!-- /container -->
 +
 +
                <div id="finalFooter">
 +
                        <div class="container">
 +
 +
 +
<div id="footWrapper">
 +
<div class="footerImg">
 +
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DundeeiGEM2016">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/2/24/T--Dundee--FBFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div id = "MiddleTxt" class="footerImg">
 +
<a>
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/b/be/T--Dundee--MiddleFooter.png" />
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="footerImg">
 +
<a  style="padding-right:0px;"href="https://twitter.com/DundeeiGEMTeam">
 +
<img  src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/4/4f/T--Dundee--TWFooter.png" />
 +
                </a>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
</div>
  
 +
 +
    <!-- jQuery (necessary for Bootstrap's JavaScript plugins) -->
 +
    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
 +
    <!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed -->
 +
    <script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
 +
 +
 +
</body>
  
 +
  
 
</html>
 
</html>

Revision as of 10:04, 19 October 2016

Dundee 2016

Hardware

ACME Stomach Masher

Introduction

According to Kozu, et al. a simple compressing, rolling motion adequately simulates the stomach’s mechanical stress. With that in mind reusing the internals of a printer came to mind as rollers and motors would be among the recovered parts. Not only was this an economical option but also a environmentally friendly one. The contents of the stomach would be put in a plastic bag that would be passed back and forth through the recovered rollers. To put it all together the Dundee Maker Space laser cutter would be put to use extensively.

Planning

The stomach was modeled in OnShape, a free cloud based CAD suite. Initially the design took advantage of the printer’s linear scanner drive since linear motion was required for the stomach. This choice is reflected in the image above. Unfortunately the motor for the scanner motion was not powerful enough to properly move the contents of the stomach.

Building

As mentioned, initially the motion was to be provided by the scanner motor. Using this would have simplified the design since it already created a linear motion. Also, controlling it would have been very simple. A double pole double throw (DPDT) switch can easily be used as a mechanical H-Bridge (bi-directional motor controller). When in one position the motor will rotate clockwise, and when flipped to the other position it rotates counter-clockwise. The red end-stops in the image above were positioned to actuate the switch when it reached each end. As soon as it hit the end of travel it would immediately reverse direction. The dead-spot in the switch where it is in neither positions and therefore not conducting electricity was too large and resulted in no motion.

With the scanner not working, a spool and thread was turned to. Printers also contain several gear trains, which reduce speed and increase torque, something the scanner motor could have used more of. The string had trouble staying positively engaged with the spool unless under extreme tension. At that point though the motor needed to do extra work to overcome the added friction. Another issue was that the string would always jam up on one side or the other, depending on the direction of rotation. Looking back, both problems could have been solved by a much wider spool with the string fastened in the middle. As the string unspooled from one side, it would be taken in on the other. So long as the width of the spool is sufficient, the string will never encounter the edge. Without the benefit of hindsight in the moment, a new method of motion was devised.

References

Hiroyuki Kozu, Yuki Nakata, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, Marcos A. Neves, Kunihiko Uemura, Seigo Sato, Isao Kobayashi, Sosaku Ichikawa “Development of a Human Gastric Digestion Simulator Equipped with Peristalsis Function for the Direct Observation and Analysis of the Food Digestion Process”, Food Science and Technology Research, 20 (2), p.225-233