Confirmation antibacterial activity of farnesol.

First, we examined our working hypothesis to “Flavorator” that farnesol can show either the antibacterial or bacteriostatic activity in a box like “KOZOKO”. The results clearly showed that farnesol had antibacterial properties. In the literatures, farnesol have antibacterial volatiles. Farnesol is produced after complicated pathways, so for their syntheses, various enzymes are required. In E.coli, farnesol may be synthesized. In this context, we designed our system for establishing the concept of “Flavorator” to build up a brand-new biosynthetic pathways, in which farnesol is produced in the E.coli. In doing so, we transfered the three types of genes listed below to create the hyper-producer E.coli of farnesol. We examined our working hypothesis to “Flavorator” that farnesol can show either the antibacterial or bacteriostatic activity in a box like Kozoko.

Confirmation of anti-mold, anti-maggots and antibacterial activities of farnesol.

E.coli can easily synthesize antimicrobial volatiles farnesol and geraniol. We examined the effects of three antimicrobial volatiles against bacteria which rot food.

Comparison of the suppressing effect of geraniol, farnesol and ethanol on mold

Fig1: Comparison of the suppressing effect of geraniol, farnesol and ethanol on mold
A: geraniol(100 μl of geraniol solution was dropped on the cotton）B:farnesol(100 μl) C: ethanol (100 μl ) A:Chopstick dipped in suspension of mold was touched in the center of the bread. The volume of box is 846cm³. B:The same treatment was done. C:The same treatment was done. These boxes were kept for 5 days at room temperature.

From this result, farnesol proved that it has the best anti-fungal activity against mold.

farnesol has a preservative effect on various foods

Farnesol has high antifungal activity against the mold of bread. Therefore, we investigated whether farnesol exerts similar antifungal effects on other food.

Effects of farnesol on bread mold.

Fig2:Effects of farnesol on bread mold
A: farnesol(1ml of farnesol solution was dropped on the cotton), B:ddH2O(1ml). A:Chopstick dipped in suspension of mold was touched in the center of the bread. The volume of box is 846cm³. B: The same treatment was done. These boxes were kept for 8 days at room temperature.

Effects of farnesol on rice mold.

Fig3:Effects of farnesol on rice mold
A: farnesol(1ml of farnesol solution was dropped on the cotton), B:ddH2O(1ml). A:Chopstick dipped in suspension of mold was touched in the center of the rice. The volume of box is 846cm³. B: The same treatment was done. These boxes were kept for 8 days at room temperature.

Effects of farnesol on maggot.

Fig4:Effects of farnesol on maggot.
A: farnesol(1ml of farnesol solution was dropped on the cotton), B:ddH2O(1ml). A:Chopstick dipped in suspension of rotten meat was touched in the center of the chicken. The volume of box is 846cm³. B: The same treatment was done. These boxes were kept for 8 days at room temperature.

We found that farnesol has a preservative effect on various foods.

Effect of farnesol on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus

We examined whether farnesol also has an effect against food poisoning bacteria. We used Staphylococcus aureus as food poisoning bacteria. We examined whether farnesol inhibits their growth.

State of the experiment:Effect of fragrance for growth of microbial

Fig5:Effect of farnesol on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
A:Farnesol with ddH2O(300μl) B:ddH2O(300μl). Farnesol was dropped on the paper which was put on center of the plate cover without direct contact with the bacteria. These plates were incubated for 21 hours at 37 ℃. Growth inhibition circle was not observed on the plate without farnesol (B). While, inhibition circle was observed on the plate with farnesol (A). These results indicate that it is difficult for Staphylococcus aureus to grow in the presence of farnesol.

We considered that farnesol has high effect against inhibitory the growth food poisoning bacteria because diluted farnesol affect staphylococcus aureus.

Effect of farnesol on growth of E.coli

We thought about a possibility that farnesol may affect E.coli, which produces farnesol, because E.coli is also a bacterium. Therefore, we examined whether farnesol affects E.coli.

Fig.6:Effect of farnesol on growth of E.coli
A: farnesol (1ml) B: ddH2O (1ml) Farnesol was dropped on the paper which was put on center of the plate cover without direct contact with the bacteria. These plates were incubated for 21 hours at 37 ℃. Growth inhibition circle was not observed on the plate(B). While, inhibition circle was observed on the plate with farnesol (A).

This result indicates that farnesol affect E.coli. So, we hypothesized that E.coli needs to have resistance to farnesol.

Enhancement of farnesol resistance

Fig.7:Colony formation of E.coli JM109 engineered with marA on farnesol overlaid plates.
E.coli JM109 and E.coli JM109 (marA) were dropped on LBGMg agar plates in serial ten-fold dilutions (10⁻¹～〖10〗^(-6)), overlaid with 30 % (v/v)　farnesol hexane solution (farnesol solution) and incubated at 30°C for 24 h. This figure shows that E.coli JM109 (marA) cells that overexpress the marA product better than the control E.coli JM109 wild type cells survived plates overloyed by 30 % farnesol solution.

Confirmation of Amount of transcription of Farnesol production device.

Fig8.The result of RT-PCR
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:dxs(WT)
Lane3:dxs(recombinant)
Lane4:idi(WT)
Lane5:idi(recombinant)
Lane6:ispA(WT)
Lane7:ispA(recombinant)
Lane8:ispD(WT)
Lane9:ispD(recombinant)
Lane10:gapA(WT)
Lane12:gapA(recombinant)

Fig9.The result of RT-PCR Negative control
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:dxs(WT)
Lane3:dxs(recombinant)
Lane4:idi(WT)
Lane5:idi(recombinant)
Lane6:ispA(WT)
Lane7:ispA(recombinant)
Lane8:ispD(WT)
Lane9:ispD(recombinant)
Lane10:gapA(WT)
Lane12:gapA(recombinant)

Confirmation of Amount of transcription of PgpB.device, YbjG.device, and IspC-ribB（G108S）.device

Fig2.The result of RT-PCR fusion protein
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:ispC(WT)
Lane3:ispC(recombinant)
Lane4:m-ribB(WT)
Lane5:m-ribB(recombinant)
Lane6:gapA(WT)
Lane7:gapA(recombinant)
Lane8:ispC(WT) Negative control
Lane9:ispC(recombinant) Negative control
Lane10:m-ribB(WT) Negative control
Lane11:m-ribB(recombinant)Negative control
Lane12:gapA(WT) Negative control
Lane13:gapA(recombinant)Negative control

Fig2.The result of RT-PCR pgpB
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:pgpB(WT)
Lane3:pgpB(recombinant)
Lane4:gapA(recombinant)
Lane5:gapA(WT)

Fig12.The result of RT-PCR pgpB Negative control
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:pgpB(WT)
Lane3:pgpB(recombinant)
Lane4:gapA (recombinant)
Lane5:gapA (WT)

Fig2.The result of RT-PCR ybjG
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:ybjG(WT)
Lane3:ybjG(recombinant)
Lane4:gapA(recombinant)
Lane5:gapA(WT)

Fig14.The result of RT-PCR ybjG Negative control
Lane1:100bp DNA ladder
Lane2:ybjG(WT)
Lane3:ybjG(recombinant)
Lane4:gapA (recombinant)
Lane5:gapA (WT)