Difference between revisions of "Team:Technion Israel/Design"

 
(36 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 192: Line 192:
 
<a href="#outlook" aria-controls="outlook" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">
 
<a href="#outlook" aria-controls="outlook" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/4/47/T--Technion_Israel--icon_outlook.png" class="img-responsive img-center cir_tabs" width="75" height="75">
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/4/47/T--Technion_Israel--icon_outlook.png" class="img-responsive img-center cir_tabs" width="75" height="75">
−
<br><h4 class="text-center">Outlook</h4>
+
<br><h4 class="text-center">Conclusion</h4>
 
</a>
 
</a>
 
</li>
 
</li>
Line 219: Line 219:
 
<h2 class="">Introduction</h2>
 
<h2 class="">Introduction</h2>
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
−
FlashLab, a novel detection tool based on the chemotaxis system of <I>E. coli</I> <a data-toggle="popover" data-trigger="click" data-original-title="Info:" data-html="true" data-content="biological system that controls the bacterial motion and induces movement away from a chemo-repellent or towards a chemo-attractant">
+
FlashLab is a novel detection tool based on the <a data-toggle="popover" data-trigger="click" data-original-title="Info:" data-html="true" data-content="biological system that controls the bacterial motion and induces movement away from a chemo-repellent or towards a chemo-attractant">chemotaxis system<i class="entypo-check"></i></button></a> of <I>E. coli</I> bacteria. It utilizes chemotaxis to concentrate bacteria expressing a chromo-protein, this in turn, creates a visible gradient in color – detection of a target material.  
−
bacteria<i class="entypo-check"></i></button></a>                        
+
FlashLab is an application of the S.Tar project. S.Tar is a platform for programmable chemotaxis that allows the user to select the material that will induce a bacterial chemotactic response. For more information please visit <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Technion_Israel/S.Tar_intro">S.Tar page</a>.
−
. It utilizes chemotaxis to concentrate bacteria expressing a chromo-protein, this in turn, creates a visible gradient in color – detection of a target material.  
+
−
FlashLab is an application of the S.Tar project. S.Tar is a platform for programmable chemotaxis which allows the user to select the material that will induce a bacterial chemotactic response. For more information please visit <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Technion_Israel/S.Tar_intro">S.Tar page</a>.
+
 
Using S.Tar technology, FlashLab can detect a variety of materials: hormones, amino acids, organic compounds etc.
 
Using S.Tar technology, FlashLab can detect a variety of materials: hormones, amino acids, organic compounds etc.
  
Line 233: Line 231:
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/thumb/9/95/T--Technion_Israel--FlashLab.png/800px-T--Technion_Israel--FlashLab.png" class="img-responsive img-center img-cont" style="cursor: pointer;"><br>
 
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/thumb/9/95/T--Technion_Israel--FlashLab.png/800px-T--Technion_Israel--FlashLab.png" class="img-responsive img-center img-cont" style="cursor: pointer;"><br>
 
</a>
 
</a>
−
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b> A steps scheme of the FlashLab concept: Add bacteria expressing the chemoreceptor of your choice and a chromo protein to a fluidic chip . Add the sample in question to said chip. If the sample contains the substance that is recognized by the chemoreceptor, a displacement of the bacteria will become visible. If not, then no displacement will be seen.</p>
+
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b> A scheme of the FlashLab concept, add bacteria expressing the chemoreceptor of your choice and a chromo protein, to a fluidic chip. Add the sample in question to the chip. If the sample contains the substance that is recognized by the chemoreceptor, a displacement of the bacteria will become visible. If not, then no displacement will be seen.</p>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 281: Line 279:
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
−
The chip is open on the button part and closed with a standard microscope cover glass (0.3 [mm] thick).
+
The chip is open on the bottom part and closed with a standard microscope cover glass (0.3 [mm] thick).
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 291: Line 289:
 
<h3>FlashLab setup</h3>
 
<h3>FlashLab setup</h3>
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
−
The setup of the device is composed of two parts, as shown below (Figure 2):
+
The setup of the device is composed of two parts, as shown below (Figure 2):<br>
−
<b>a. </b>The channel is filled with colored <i>E. coli</i>  bacteria suspended in motility buffer.  
+
 
−
<b>b. </b>The sample is loaded into one of the entry slots.
+
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>a. </b>The channel is filled with colored <i>E. coli</i>  bacteria suspended in motility buffer.<br>
 +
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b. </b>The sample is loaded into one of the entry slots.
  
 
</p>
 
</p>
Line 306: Line 305:
  
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
−
<h3>FlashLab test</h3>
+
<h3>FlashLab assay</h3>
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
Once the sample is loaded, it diffuses into the channel. If the sample contains a repellent, the bacteria  
 
Once the sample is loaded, it diffuses into the channel. If the sample contains a repellent, the bacteria  
−
will react and move away from it as shown below:
+
will react and flee from it as shown below:
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 322: Line 321:
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
−
The chemotactic response will result in visible changes in the bacterial concentration throughout the chip: Very low concentration in the immediate area of the slot in which the sample was loaded, adjacent to a higher concentration of bacteria created due to the fleeing bacterial population. These changes will be visible to the naked eye, as the higher concentration of colored bacteria results in darker color (blue gradient, figures 1:3 and 1:4).
+
The chemotactic response will result in visible changes in the bacterial concentration throughout the chip: Very low concentration in the immediate area of the slot in which the sample was loaded, adjacent to a higher concentration of bacteria created due to the fleeing bacterial population. These changes will be visible to the naked eye, as the higher concentration of colored bacteria results in darker color (blue gradient, figures 2 and 3).
 
If the sample does not contain the target material, the bacteria will not react and no gradient will be formed.  
 
If the sample does not contain the target material, the bacteria will not react and no gradient will be formed.  
−
<br>
+
<br><br>
 
For more information see <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Technion_Israel/Model">mathematical model</a>.
 
For more information see <a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Technion_Israel/Model">mathematical model</a>.
 
</p>
 
</p>
Line 360: Line 359:
 
<h3>FlashLab parts</h3>
 
<h3>FlashLab parts</h3>
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
−
The setup for the device is as shown in "Design and Implementation". The bacteria, UU <I>E.coli</I> strain with a cloned Tar-PctA receptor , was taken from a petri dish and diluted in of motility buffer. The Chemo-repellent used was of TCE in concentration of 0.02[M] while the control was motility buffer. The pictures were taken in differential of 5[min] apart.  
+
The setup of the device is as shown in the "Design" Tab. The bacteria, UU1250 <I>E.coli</I> strain with a cloned Tar-PctA receptor , was picked from a petri dish and suspended in motility buffer. The Chemo-repellent used was TCE (trichloroethylene) in concentration of 0.02 [M] while the control was motility buffer. The images were taken in a different times.  
 
 
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</div>
 
</div>
−
 
−
<div class="col-md-12">
 
−
<a class="pop">
 
−
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/c/ca/T--Technion_Israel--Model2.png" class="img-responsive img-center img-cont" width="500"style="cursor: pointer;"><br>
 
−
</a>
 
−
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b> Chemotaxis of <i>E. coli</i> with a S.Tar PctA receptor  due to exposure to TCE (enhanced picture).</p>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"><!-- 8/12 -->
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">a.</p>
 +
<a class="pop">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/c/ca/T--Technion_Israel--Model2.png" class="img-responsive img-center img-cont" width="290" style="cursor: pointer;"><br>
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">b.</p>
 +
<a class="pop">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/7/76/T--Technion_Israel--ModelControl.png" class="img-responsive img-center img-cont" width="220" style="cursor: pointer;"><br>
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b>
 +
<b>a.</b> Chemotaxis of <i>E. coli</i> with a S.Tar PctA receptor due to exposure to TCE (enhanced picture).
 +
<b>b.</b> <i>E. coli</i> with a S.Tar PctA receptor exposed to motility buffer (control).
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="row">
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
−
After 20[min] , a noticeable color gradient is formed in the channel. on the far left, a relatively light shade. adjacent to it, an area with a darker tone and from there up to the right end of the channel, the color did not change at all. This fits the theory perfectly, as the lighter shade is caused by colored bacteria moving away from the repellent. The darker shade is the clustering of bacteria in the chemo-repellent diffusion limit. All other bacteria in the channel, were not exposed to the repellent and did not react accordingly.
+
After 15[min] , a noticeable color gradient is formed in the channel. In 120 [min] a relatively light shade can be seen near the entry point. Adjacent to it, an area with a darker tone and from there up to the end of the channel, the color did not change at all. This fits the theory perfectly, as the lighter shade is caused by colored bacteria moving away from the repellent. The darker shade is the clustering of bacteria in the chemo-repellent diffusion limit. All other bacteria in the channel, were not exposed to the repellent and did not react accordingly.
 
 
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/11/T--Technion_Israel--Protocol_-_Chemotaxis_on_chip_test.pdf"target="_blank">For more information see chip experiment protocol</a>
+
For more information see chip <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/1/11/T--Technion_Israel--Protocol_-_Chemotaxis_on_chip_test.pdf"target="_blank">experiment protocol</a>.
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
</div>
 
</div>
−
</div>
+
</div>
 +
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 404: Line 422:
  
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
 
<div class="col-sm-12">
−
<h2 class="">Outlook</h2>
+
<h2 class="">Conclusion</h2>
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
  
−
We developed FlashLab, the hardware of the S. Tar platform. S. Tar is based on the Chemotaxis phenomenon and offers a wide library of “expert” strains for the detection of materials that do not naturally induce chemotactic movement in the native <i>E. coli</i>.  This was obtained using synthetic biology tools, including computational design which allowed us to create new mutations in the Tar chemoreceptor. These mutations resulted in novel interactions between proteins and ligands.  
+
We developed FlashLab, the hardware of the S.Tar platform. S.Tar has the potential to offer a wide library of “expert” strains for the detection of materials that do not naturally induce chemotactic movement in the native <i>E. coli</i>.  This was obtained using synthetic biology tools, including computational design which allowed us to create new mutations in the Tar chemoreceptor.  
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
FlashLab is a tool which combines both biological and mechanical aspects. As we mentioned before, computational tools were required as well in order to develop the S. Tar platform. This multidisciplinary innovation was achieved thanks to the different backgrounds of our team members. Our team is comprised of students from the faculty of Biotechnology who were in charge of the Tar chemoreceptor modification in the wet lab, students from the faculties of Mechanical engineering and Chemical engineering who developed the mathematical model for the flow and chemotaxis profiles inside the microchannel and students the faculties of Electrical engineering and Computer Science who were in charge of the computational design aspects of the project. The unique composition of our team was crucial to the construction of a complex but elegant system.
+
FlashLab is a tool which combines both biological and mechanical aspects. As we mentioned before, computational tools were required as well in order to develop the S.Tar platform. This multidisciplinary innovation was achieved thanks to the different backgrounds of our team members. Our team is comprised of students from the faculty of Biotechnology that oversaw the Tar chemoreceptor modification in the wet lab, students from the faculties of Mechanical engineering and Chemical engineering that developed the mathematical model for the flow and chemotaxis profiles inside the microchannel and students from the faculties of Electrical engineering and Computer Science that were in charge of the computational design aspects of the project. The unique composition of our team was crucial to the construction of a complex but elegant system.
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
<br>
 
−
There are several methods for detection of small molecules. The next table summarizes the most used methods in this field:
 
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 +
 +
<div class="row">
 +
 +
 +
<div class="col-sm-12">
 +
<h2 class="">Advantages</h2>
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
 +
<br>
 +
There are several methods for detection of small molecules. The following table summarizes the most common methods in the field:
 +
</p>
 +
<br>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
  
 
     <table class="table table-list-search">
 
     <table class="table table-list-search">
Line 429: Line 464:
  
 
                     <tbody>
 
                     <tbody>
 +
 +
    <tr>
 +
                            <td>Reporter genes <b>(2)</b></td>
 +
                            <td>Fusion of a reporter gene to a biological biobrick which is regulated by a material of interest. </td>
 +
                            <td>Requires gene expression and translation.<br>The material of interest must penetrate the bacterial membrane. </td>
 +
                        </tr>
  
 
                         <tr>
 
                         <tr>
−
                             <td>Chromogenic assay <b>(1)</b></td>
+
                             <td>Chromogenic assay <b>(3)</b></td>
−
                             <td>A chemical reaction which results in the change of absorbance of a certain molecule, when interacted with the analyte.</td>
+
                             <td>A chemical reaction which results in the change of absorbance of a certain molecule when it interacts with the analyte.</td>
−
                             <td>Specific for a very limited molecules, expensive</td>
+
                             <td>Specific for very limited range of molecules.<br>Expensive.</td>
 
                         </tr>
 
                         </tr>
  
 
                         <tr>
 
                         <tr>
−
                             <td>ELISA- Immunofluorescence assay <b>(2)</b></td>
+
                             <td>ELISA- Immunofluorescence assay <b>(4)</b></td>
 
                             <td>A specific interaction between an antibody and its antigen is coupled to an enzymatic fluorescent reaction.</td>
 
                             <td>A specific interaction between an antibody and its antigen is coupled to an enzymatic fluorescent reaction.</td>
−
                             <td>Specific antibodies are required, expensive, requires special equipment</td>
+
                             <td>Specific antibodies are required.<br>Expensive.<br>Requires dedicated equipment.</td>
 
                         </tr>
 
                         </tr>
 
 
 
                         <tr>
 
                         <tr>
−
                             <td>HPLC <b>(3)</b></td>
+
                             <td>HPLC <b>(5)</b></td>
 
                             <td>Chromatographic separation based on polarity.</td>
 
                             <td>Chromatographic separation based on polarity.</td>
−
                             <td>Requires special equipment requires expertise,expensive</td>
+
                             <td>Requires dedicated equipment and expertise.<br>Expensive</td>
 
 
 
                     </tbody>
 
                     </tbody>
Line 455: Line 496:
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
<p class="text-justify">
 
FlashLab advantages as a detection tool:  
 
FlashLab advantages as a detection tool:  
−
<br>- <b>Cost effective</b> The only major cost is the fluidic chip which costs about 15$ and can be reused multiple times.  
+
<br>- <b>Cost effective</b>: The only major cost is the fluidic chip which costs about 15$ and can be reused multiple times.  
−
<br>- <b>Fast</b> as shown in the experiments, the detection takes about 30 minutes. This is faster than most other bacterial detection (based on transcription and translation) and most laboratory tests (HPLC).
+
<br>- <b>Fast</b>: as shown in the experiments, the detection takes about 30 minutes. This is faster than most other bacterial based detection that depends on transcription and translation.
−
<br>- <b>Versatile</b> The S.Tar system enables this device to detect a variety of materials: hormones, amino acids, organic compounds etc.
+
<br>- <b>Versatile</b>: The S.Tar system enables this device to detect a variety of materials: hormones, amino acids, organic compounds etc.
−
<br>- <b>Sensitive</b> Bacteria can sense extremely low concentrations of target material.
+
<br>- <b>User friendly</b>: The setup of the system is an easy two part process.<br>
−
<br>- <b>User friendly</b> The setup of the system is an easy two part process. To reuse the chip it is only required to flush the channel with water and to dry it up.
+
FlashLab, offers a fast, cheap, easy to use and versatile detection.<br>  
−
In comparison, Flashlab, although not the most accurate, offers a fast, cheap, easy to use and versatile detection.<br>  
+
−
(For further improvement see "Design and Development").
+
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 498: Line 537:
 
<p class="references">
 
<p class="references">
 
References:<br>
 
References:<br>
−
1. KELLER, Evelyn F.; SEGEL, Lee A. Model for chemotaxis. Journal of theoretical biology, 1971, 30.2: 225-234.‏‬ <br>
+
1. MAZZAG, B. C.; ZHULIN, I. B.; MOGILNER, Alexander. Model of bacterial band formation in aerotaxis. Biophysical journal, 2003, 85.6: 3558-3574.<br><br>
 +
2. Naylor, Louise H. "Reporter gene technology: the future looks bright."Biochemical pharmacology 58.5 (1999): 749-757.<br>
 +
3. Santos-Figueroa, Luis E., et al. "Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the years 2010–2011." Chemical Society Reviews 42.8 (2013): 3489-3613.‏<br><br>
 +
4. Blake, Christopher, and Barry J. Gould. "Use of enzymes in immunoassay techniques. A review." Analyst 109.5 (1984): 533-547.<br><br>‏
 +
5. Kucharska, Marta, and Jan Grabka. "A review of chromatographic methods for determination of synthetic food dyes." Talanta 80.3 (2010): 1045-1051.‏<br><br>‏
 
</p>
 
</p>
  

Latest revision as of 23:24, 19 October 2016

S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016

S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016

Introduction

FlashLab is a novel detection tool based on the chemotaxis system of E. coli bacteria. It utilizes chemotaxis to concentrate bacteria expressing a chromo-protein, this in turn, creates a visible gradient in color – detection of a target material. FlashLab is an application of the S.Tar project. S.Tar is a platform for programmable chemotaxis that allows the user to select the material that will induce a bacterial chemotactic response. For more information please visit S.Tar page. Using S.Tar technology, FlashLab can detect a variety of materials: hormones, amino acids, organic compounds etc.


Fig. 1: A scheme of the FlashLab concept, add bacteria expressing the chemoreceptor of your choice and a chromo protein, to a fluidic chip. Add the sample in question to the chip. If the sample contains the substance that is recognized by the chemoreceptor, a displacement of the bacteria will become visible. If not, then no displacement will be seen.


Design

FlashLab parts

The device is composed of a commercial fluidic chip:


Fig. 1:The geometry of a commercial fluidic chip.

The chip is open on the bottom part and closed with a standard microscope cover glass (0.3 [mm] thick).



FlashLab setup

The setup of the device is composed of two parts, as shown below (Figure 2):
      a. The channel is filled with colored E. coli bacteria suspended in motility buffer.
      b. The sample is loaded into one of the entry slots.


Fig. 2: The chip setup.

FlashLab assay

Once the sample is loaded, it diffuses into the channel. If the sample contains a repellent, the bacteria will react and flee from it as shown below:


Fig. 3: Chemotaxis reaction in the chip.

The chemotactic response will result in visible changes in the bacterial concentration throughout the chip: Very low concentration in the immediate area of the slot in which the sample was loaded, adjacent to a higher concentration of bacteria created due to the fleeing bacterial population. These changes will be visible to the naked eye, as the higher concentration of colored bacteria results in darker color (blue gradient, figures 2 and 3). If the sample does not contain the target material, the bacteria will not react and no gradient will be formed.

For more information see mathematical model.

Results

FlashLab parts

The setup of the device is as shown in the "Design" Tab. The bacteria, UU1250 E.coli strain with a cloned Tar-PctA receptor , was picked from a petri dish and suspended in motility buffer. The Chemo-repellent used was TCE (trichloroethylene) in concentration of 0.02 [M] while the control was motility buffer. The images were taken in a different times.

a.

b.

Fig. 1: a. Chemotaxis of E. coli with a S.Tar PctA receptor due to exposure to TCE (enhanced picture). b. E. coli with a S.Tar PctA receptor exposed to motility buffer (control).

After 15[min] , a noticeable color gradient is formed in the channel. In 120 [min] a relatively light shade can be seen near the entry point. Adjacent to it, an area with a darker tone and from there up to the end of the channel, the color did not change at all. This fits the theory perfectly, as the lighter shade is caused by colored bacteria moving away from the repellent. The darker shade is the clustering of bacteria in the chemo-repellent diffusion limit. All other bacteria in the channel, were not exposed to the repellent and did not react accordingly.

For more information see chip experiment protocol.

Conclusion

We developed FlashLab, the hardware of the S.Tar platform. S.Tar has the potential to offer a wide library of “expert” strains for the detection of materials that do not naturally induce chemotactic movement in the native E. coli. This was obtained using synthetic biology tools, including computational design which allowed us to create new mutations in the Tar chemoreceptor.

FlashLab is a tool which combines both biological and mechanical aspects. As we mentioned before, computational tools were required as well in order to develop the S.Tar platform. This multidisciplinary innovation was achieved thanks to the different backgrounds of our team members. Our team is comprised of students from the faculty of Biotechnology that oversaw the Tar chemoreceptor modification in the wet lab, students from the faculties of Mechanical engineering and Chemical engineering that developed the mathematical model for the flow and chemotaxis profiles inside the microchannel and students from the faculties of Electrical engineering and Computer Science that were in charge of the computational design aspects of the project. The unique composition of our team was crucial to the construction of a complex but elegant system.




Advantages


There are several methods for detection of small molecules. The following table summarizes the most common methods in the field:


Method Description Disadvantages
Reporter genes (2) Fusion of a reporter gene to a biological biobrick which is regulated by a material of interest. Requires gene expression and translation.
The material of interest must penetrate the bacterial membrane.
Chromogenic assay (3) A chemical reaction which results in the change of absorbance of a certain molecule when it interacts with the analyte. Specific for very limited range of molecules.
Expensive.
ELISA- Immunofluorescence assay (4) A specific interaction between an antibody and its antigen is coupled to an enzymatic fluorescent reaction. Specific antibodies are required.
Expensive.
Requires dedicated equipment.
HPLC (5) Chromatographic separation based on polarity. Requires dedicated equipment and expertise.
Expensive



FlashLab advantages as a detection tool:
- Cost effective: The only major cost is the fluidic chip which costs about 15$ and can be reused multiple times.
- Fast: as shown in the experiments, the detection takes about 30 minutes. This is faster than most other bacterial based detection that depends on transcription and translation.
- Versatile: The S.Tar system enables this device to detect a variety of materials: hormones, amino acids, organic compounds etc.
- User friendly: The setup of the system is an easy two part process.
FlashLab, offers a fast, cheap, easy to use and versatile detection.




References:
1. MAZZAG, B. C.; ZHULIN, I. B.; MOGILNER, Alexander. Model of bacterial band formation in aerotaxis. Biophysical journal, 2003, 85.6: 3558-3574.

2. Naylor, Louise H. "Reporter gene technology: the future looks bright."Biochemical pharmacology 58.5 (1999): 749-757.
3. Santos-Figueroa, Luis E., et al. "Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the years 2010–2011." Chemical Society Reviews 42.8 (2013): 3489-3613.‏

4. Blake, Christopher, and Barry J. Gould. "Use of enzymes in immunoassay techniques. A review." Analyst 109.5 (1984): 533-547.

‏ 5. Kucharska, Marta, and Jan Grabka. "A review of chromatographic methods for determination of synthetic food dyes." Talanta 80.3 (2010): 1045-1051.‏

‏



S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016