Difference between revisions of "Team:Technion Israel/Hardware"

 
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        <title>S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016</title>
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<h3>★  ALERT! </h3>
 
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<p>This page is used by the judges to evaluate your team for the<a href="https://2016.igem.org/Judging/Awards"> Best Hardware award</a>. </p>
 
  
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.modal-backdrop {
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<p>iGEM is about making teams of students making synthetic biology projects. We encourage teams to work with parts and build biological devices in the lab. But we are inclusive and want all teams to work on many other types of problems in synbio. Robotic assembly, microfluidics, low cost equipment and measurement hardware are all areas ripe for innovation in synbio. </p>
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.ocenter .img-responsive {
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margin: 0 auto;
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}
  
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<p>
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.vcenter {
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Teams who are interested in working with hardware as a side project are encouraged to apply for the hardware award.  
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display: inline-block;
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</p>
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vertical-align: middle;
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float: none;
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}
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</style>
  
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<h5>Inspiration</h5>
 
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<p>You can look at what other teams did to get some inspiration! <br />
 
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Here are a few examples:</p>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft">2015 TU Delft  </a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:TU_Darmstadt">2015 TU Darmstadt</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2015.igem.org/Team:Cambridge-JIC">2015 Cambridge JIC</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
  
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/a/a2/T--Technion_Israel--Hardwarecov.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center cont_cover" width="100%">
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<li role="presentation" class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
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<a href="#111" aria-controls="111" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/d/db/T--Technion_Israel--icon_intro.png" class="img-responsive img-center cont_tabs" width="75" height="75">
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<br><h4 class="text-center"><br>Introduction</h4>
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</a>
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<li role="presentation" class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/5/58/T--Technion_Israel--redesignicon.png" class="img-responsive img-center cont_tabs" width="75" height="75">
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<br><h4 class="text-center">Chip<br>redesigned</h4>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li role="presentation" class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
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<a href="#333" aria-controls="333" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/b/ba/T--Technion_Israel--qunticon.png" class="img-responsive img-center cont_tabs" width="75" height="75">
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<br><h4 class="text-center">Quantitative<br>test</h4>
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</a>
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<li role="presentation" class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
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<a href="#444" aria-controls="444" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/4/47/T--Technion_Israel--icon_outlook.png" class="img-responsive img-center cont_tabs" width="75" height="75">
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<br><h4 class="text-center"><br>Overview</h4>
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<div class="cont_box">
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<br>
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<div class="row">
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<!--6 text - 6 img div-->
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<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 text-->
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<p class="text-justify">
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We developed our first FlashLab prototypes around the geometry of the commercial fluidic chip
 +
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/6b/T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsiBIDI.pdf">-ibidi sticky–Slide I Luer 0.8</a>.
 +
This chip is designed mostly for performing cell culture experiments with a custom specific bottom.</p>
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</div><!--
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--><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 img div-->
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<a class="pop ocenter">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/9/91/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware1.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
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</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b> The geometry of the commercial fluidic chip.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 img div -->
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-12">
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<a class="pop ocenter">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/68/T--Technion_Israel--HardwareTable_1Fix.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
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</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Table 1:</b> Bill of materials for commercial chip</p>
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 img div -->
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<div class="row">
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<p class="text-justify">The chip is made of plastic and the bottom is closed by attaching a glass slide to it.</p>
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<div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-12">
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<a class="pop ocenter">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/d/d0/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware2.png" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
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</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 2:</b> Setup of commercial fluidic chip.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 text div -->
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<p class="text-justify">
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The commercial chip worked well for preliminary testing but was not ideal for our uses: The entry slots are
 +
relatively wide, making it difficult to load the sample in a uniform and even fashion.<br>
 +
This affects the diffusion of the chemo-repellent in the channel and reduces the overall accuracy of
 +
the device. Also, the channel is relatively shallow, forcing the use of a high concentration of bacteria
 +
to get a visible signal, this proves to be a problem as storing a large amount of bacteria in a confined
 +
space might cause oxygen shortage that will harm bacterial motility.
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
We devised new solutions to confronts those problems:<br>
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</p>
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<p style="margin-left: 40px">
 +
<b>-</b> Design a novel chip, based on the commercial chip but with unique changes to its geometry for improved performance.
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<br>
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<b>-</b> Design a quantitative test, a device built especially for detecting a change in bacterial concentration in the chip. This device is much more sensitive than the naked eye.
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<br>
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="cont_box">
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<h2>Chip redesigned</h2>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
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<p class="text-justify">We designed a new chip with the following improvements:</p>
 +
<p style="margin-left: 40px">
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<br>
 +
<b>(a)</b> Reducing the radius of the entry slot will enable a controlled insertion of the sample.<br> The smaller slot will slow down any flow (for example, flow caused by loading a sample from a syringe). Also, this will fix the diffusion source at a permanent location in the chip for all of our experiments.
 +
<br><br>
 +
<b>(b)</b> Shaping the channel as a funnel in order to concentrate the bacteria even further as they move away from chemo-repellents (from left to right).
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<b>(c)</b> A deeper channel will result in a darker shade of color in the same bacterial concentration than in the commercial chip, while reducing the risk of oxygen shortage.
 +
<br>
 +
</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 img div -->
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<a class="pop ocenter">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/3/38/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware3.png" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b> The geometry of the designed fluidic chip.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 text div -->
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
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The new chip was fabricated in two methods: as a PDMS chip and in a Dolomite 3D printer.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- Mini headline -->
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<h3>Fabricating the PDMS chip</h3>
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- 12 text div -->
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
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PDMS is considered the standard for microfluidic fabrication in labs. It is optically clear,
 +
and in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
The PDMS was then fabricated according to the following steps:
 +
</p>
 +
 +
<p style="margin-left: 40px">
 +
1. Design a two part mold using SolidWorks software- cover and base.<br>
 +
2. Print the mold using <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/e/e2/T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsPrinter.pdf">Ultimaker 2 Etentended+ 3D printer</a>.  <br>
 +
3. Mix the polymer base and curing agent at 10:1 weight ratio, respectively. Then, fill the mold with the mix.<br>
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4. Place the mold inside a desiccator to degas for 2 hours.<br>
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5. Bake the mold at 70 C for 3 hours.<br>
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6. Carefully take off the mold’s cover and then cut out the PDMS chip.<br>
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7. Attach the PDMS chip to a thin cover glass (0.3 mm) using silicon glue*.<br>
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
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The following scheme describes the mentioned process:
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 img div -->
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<div class="row">
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<a class="pop ocenter">
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/5/52/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware4.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="500" style="cursor: pointer;">
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</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 2:</b> PDMS chip fabrication process.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 text div -->
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
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*Traditionally, bonding PDMS to glass is done by plasma treatment. Our 3D
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printed mold resulted in PDMS chips with relatively rough surface finish,
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forcing us to use other methods.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<br>
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<br>
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<!-- 12 img div -->
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-center"><b>Table 1:</b>  Bill of materials for PDMS chip</p>
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</a>
 +
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<table class="table table-list-search">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Item Number</th>
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<th>Part Name</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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<th>Quantity</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>1</td>
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<td>Mold</td>
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<td>PDMS Fluidic Chip Mold </td>
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<td>1</td>
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</tr>
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 +
<tr>
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<td>2</td>
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<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/2/29/T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsPDMS.pdf" target="_blank">Polymer Base and Curing Agent</a></td>
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<td>PDMS Mix</td>
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<td>1</td>
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</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
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<td>3</td>
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<td>Laboratory Cover Glass</td>
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<td>25.5x75.5x0.3[mm]</td>
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<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>4</td>
 +
<td>Silicone Glue</td>
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<td>Silicone Glue</td>
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<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
</tbody>
 +
</table> 
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
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<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<h3>Designing the mold</h3>
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</div>
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</div>
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<br>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
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The mold is comprised of two parts which together create a unique geometry and allow for
 +
easier extraction of the PDMS out of the mold.<br>
 +
</p>
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</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!--6 text - 6 img div-->
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<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 text-->
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<p class="text-justify">
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<u>The base</u><br></p>
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                                    <p style="margin-left: 40px">
 +
<b>-</b> The cone on the base of the floor is meant to make the funnel shape of the chip ((a) in fig. 1).<br>
 +
<b>-</b> Small slits were made in the walls of the base to position the cover accurately.<br>
 +
<b>-</b> The overall size was determined so the chip will fit on a standard microscope cover
 +
slide. This will enable us to run experiments under a microscope easily.<br>
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</p>
 +
</div><!--
 +
--><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 img div-->
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<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/4/48/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware5.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 3:</b> The geometry of the mold.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!--6 text - 6 img div-->
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<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 text-->
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<p class="text-justify">
 +
<u>The cover</u><br></p>
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                                    <p style="margin-left: 40px">
 +
<b>-</b> Four rods coming out of the sides of the cover for easy extraction of the cover
 +
when taking out the PDMS.<br>
 +
<b>-</b> The ramp is to insure that the channel will be inserted inside the PDMS and
 +
getting the wanted channel height.<br>
 +
<b>-</b> The cover is made smaller than the base for a good fit and for letting out
 +
any gas that might have been caught when inserting it. Those gases, if
 +
left in, will expand in the oven and cause deformations in the chip. <br>
 +
</p>
 +
</div><!--
 +
--><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 img div-->
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/f/fd/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware6.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
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<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 4:</b> The geometry of the cover.</p>
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</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
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<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
 +
Printing the mold using <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/e/e2/T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsPrinter.pdf">Ultimaker 2        Etentended+ 3D printer</a> .
 +
                                    This 3d printer was chosen
 +
because of its high accuracy (X,Y,Z =12.5, 12.5, 5 micron) and due to the
 +
fact that the polymer it uses (PLA) can be heated to relatively high temperatures
 +
without changing form (TG=60-65 C). More
 +
benefits of 3D printing are the low price and fast manufacturing time: We
 +
printed our mold for about 25$, and it took about 6 hours. 
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>Dolomite Fluidic Factory</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!--6 text - 6 img div-->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 text-->
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsFF.pdf">Fluidic Factory</a>
 +
enables fast prototyping of microfluidic chips, manifolds and
 +
connectors using COC (FDA approved, biocompatible, translucent and robust polymer).
 +
Printing the chip took about 3 hours and was made directly from a computer model.
 +
This technology was just released this year and we are the first iGEM group to ever use it.
 +
</p>
 +
</div><!--
 +
--><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 img div-->
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/5/5c/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware7.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 5:</b> Factory chip fabrication process.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>Results</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
We were able to make a few prototypes of the PDMS chip. The extraction of
 +
the chip was relatively easy and without any visible cracks or deformations.
 +
The chip still needed to be punctured in the entry slots, due to spaces between
 +
the molds. Also, attaching a glass slide to the PDMS needed to be done carefully,
 +
as the glass is thin and brittle.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/e/ef/T--Technion_Israel-HardwarePDMSchip.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 6:</b> PDMS chip prototype.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
The fluidic factory 3D printer did not produce us a usable chip. The channels
 +
kept collapsing while printing the model. Despite not achieving a usable chip,
 +
we believe that this technology shows a lot of promise.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/a/a5/T--Technion_Israel-HardwareFFchip.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="450" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 7:</b> Fluidic Factory chip.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
<!-- ======================== END: 222 ======================== -->
 +
 +
 +
 +
<!-- 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 -->
 +
<div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane fade" id="333">
 +
<div class="cont_box">
 +
 +
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h2>Quantitative test for bacterial concentration</h2>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>Principle of Operation</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
Our system uses a photosensor to measure the intensity of a light beam transmitted through the chip. The measurement process is as follows: A yellow LED emits light at 585-595 [nm] on the chip, with the bacteria inside absorbing a portion of the light. The light transmitted through the chip reaches the photosensor which outputs an analog signal. This signal is then translated to a digital signal and fed to the computer. The end result is a graph of the output voltage as a function of time.<br>The output voltage can be compared to the bacterial concentration as shown in Equation 6.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/0/01/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarefigure8.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" width="550" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 1:</b> Schematic diagram of the quantitative system </p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
The system requires two measurements. The first measurement is a blank meant to
 +
calibrate the system. This measurement is done on a chip containing only motility
 +
buffer (control). The second measurement is for the bacterial solution.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
To avoid undesired light reflections, we have designed a dedicated black box
 +
as shown in Fig 2, to house the chip and the electrical circuits discussed below.<br>
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"><!-- 8/12 -->
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/5/50/T--Technion_Israel---HardwareBar.JPG" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 2:</b> 3D Model of the quantitative system </p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>The electrical circuits</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!--6 text - 6 img div-->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 text-->
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
The system consists of two independent electrical circuits as shown in Fig 3. The
 +
blue circuit contains a resistor of 10 [kΩ], a potentiometer, a LED and Arduino as
 +
a constant voltage source.  The red circuit contains a photoresistor LDR that is
 +
sensitive to 600 [nm] wavelength, a resistor of 1[MΩ] and an Arduino controller. The
 +
Arduino supplies constant voltage to both circuits and measures the voltage that falls
 +
on the 1[MΩ] resistor.
 +
</p>
 +
</div><!--
 +
--><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 img div-->
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/c/c0/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarefigure10.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 3:</b>  Schematic diagram of the two electrical circuits.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>Computer data system</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!--6 text - 6 img div-->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 text-->
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
The Arduino controller collects samples of the voltage that falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor.  The voltage
 +
is converted to a digital signal and fed to the computer. The computer data system is based on a
 +
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/b/b1/File-T--Technion_Israel-HardwareGUI.zip">"Matlab GUI"</a>.
 +
Note that the Arduino I/O toolbox needs to be installed. <br>When running the Matlab code, the window
 +
shown in Fig 4 pops up.
 +
</p>
 +
</div><!--
 +
--><div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 vcenter"><!--6 img div-->
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/0/0d/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarefigure11.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 4:</b>  The system's user interface</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>The relation between the resistor’s voltage and bacterial O.D.</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage that falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor V<sub>R</sub> is equal to
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/3/32/T--Technion_Israel--Hardware_e1.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Equation 1</b>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
For a typical low cost LDR, the relationship between the resistance R<sub>LDR</sub> of a typical LDR and the light intensity is:
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/3/3e/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardware_e2.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Equation 2</b>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
Where I is the light intensity that reaches the photoresistor.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
Combining equations 1 and 2 we receive:
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/c/cf/File-T--Technion_Israel--Hardware_e3.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Equation 3</b>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
By definition:
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/b/be/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardware_e4.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Equation 4</b>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
Where A is the optical density of the sample and I0 is the light intensity emitted from the LED
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
Rearranging Equation 4:
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/4/4e/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardware_e5.png"
 +
class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Equation 5</b>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
Integrating Equation 5 at Equation 1:
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/3/3b/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwaree6.jpg" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Equation 6</b>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
Where <I>I<sub>0</sub></I> is the light intensity emitted from the LED and A
 +
is the optical density of the bacterial concentration inside the chip.
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
From Equation 6 it can be derived that V<sub>R</sub> is expected to decrease as A increases.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>System improvements</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<br>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
Initially the photosensor we intended to use was a photodiode. Since the photodiode is
 +
relatively big it was difficult to fix its position. Thus, we replaced it with a photoresistor
 +
which is smaller and relatively sensitive to 600 [nm] wavelength.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
In addition, before building the final system we used a battery as a voltage source and
 +
a USB data acquisition of NI to convert the analog signal into a digital one. In order
 +
to improve the system we replaced those two components with an Arduino controller that
 +
can serve as a constant voltage source and as a converter simultaneously.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
As mentioned before the chip and the two electrical circuits were placed in a dark box
 +
(As shown in Fig 2) to avoid undesired light scattering.  All the sides of the chip were
 +
darkened as well so the light can be transmitted only through the transparent channel.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
To improve the dynamic range of the photoresistor we connected a resistor in series with
 +
the photoresistor. When the photoresistor is exposed to high light intensity, its resistance
 +
decreases dramatically. Under these conditions, most of the voltage falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor.<br>
 +
Since:
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/66/File-T--Technion_Israel-HardwareRATIO.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
V<sub>R</sub> increases with R. As we wanted the maximum voltage falling on the resistor
 +
to be 5v (the total voltage), we chose a resistor of 1[MΩ].
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
Finally, if the light intensity that originates from the LED is too high, it can lead to
 +
the saturation of the photoresistor. To be able to tune the light intensity of the LED,
 +
a potentiometer was added to the LED circuit, to adjust the desired resistance which
 +
produces the optimal light intensity.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- Mini headline -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<h3>Testing the system</h3>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
As can be deduced from the mathematical equations the voltage is expected to decrease
 +
as the optical density increases. For that purpose we prepared bacterial solutions in
 +
motility buffer at different concentrations and loaded them to the system. The results
 +
are displayed in Fig 5.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<a class="pop ocenter">
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/2/2c/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarefigure12.png" class="img-responsive img-center" style="cursor: pointer;">
 +
</a>
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Fig. 5:</b> The output voltage for different values of O.D as a function of time.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 text div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-justify">
 +
As can be deduced from the graph the output voltage converges after 88 [sec] which is much less
 +
than the time required for cluster formation (about 15 minutes). Thus, the system indeed can be
 +
used with FlashLab for real time detection. Moreover, the dynamic range of the system is relatively
 +
wide (0-3v), giving us the ability to detect a variety of bacterial O.D levels. In addition, the
 +
difference between the outputs obtained for O.D 0.757 and O.D 0.653 is much bigger than the system
 +
error’s measurement. Hence, it can be concluded that the system is relatively precise.
 +
</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<!-- 12 img div -->
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<p class="text-center"><b>Table 1:</b> Bill of materials</p>
 +
</a>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
<div class="row">
 +
<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
 +
<table class="table table-list-search">
 +
<thead>
 +
<tr>
 +
<th>Item Number</th>
 +
<th>Part Name</th>
 +
<th>Description</th>
 +
<th>Quantity</th>
 +
</tr>
 +
</thead>
 +
<tbody>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/9/9a/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarespecsbreadboard.pdf" target="_blank">Breadboard</a></td>
 +
<td>conductor</td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>2</td>
 +
<td>Wire</td>
 +
<td>conductor</td>
 +
<td>9</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>3</td>
 +
<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/7/77/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarespecsled.pdf" target="_blank">Yellow led</a></td>
 +
<td>Light source</td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>4</td>
 +
<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/2/27/File-T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsResistors.pdf" target="_blank">Resistor 10[kΩ]</a></td>
 +
<td>Isolator</td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>5</td>
 +
<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/2/27/File-T--Technion_Israel-HardwarespecsResistors.pdf" target="_blank">Resistor 1[MΩ]</a></td>
 +
<td>Isolator</td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>6</td>
 +
<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/1/1a/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarespecsldr.pdf" target="_blank">Photoresistor LDR</a></td>
 +
<td>Optical sensor</td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>7</td>
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<td>Commercial chip</td>
 +
<td>The project device </td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>8</td>
 +
<td><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/f/f0/File-T--Technion_Israel-Hardwarespecsarduino.pdf" target="_blank">Arduino uno</a></td>
 +
<td>Power source and sample collector</td>
 +
<td>1</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
 +
</tbody>
 +
</table> 
 +
</div>
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<!-- Mini headline -->
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<h2>Overview</h2>
 +
</div>
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<div class="row">
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<div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12">
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<p class="text-justify">
 +
FlashLab, although a successful detection tool, has several drawbacks. By redesigning
 +
the fluidic channels and engineering a more sensitive measurement system, we will be
 +
able to get a more reliable, accurate and user friendly device.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
Our preliminary testing supports those claims. Showing we can detect small differences
 +
in bacterial concentration, that are not noticeable otherwise. Our prototype was completed
 +
by designing an easy to use user interface, and making a more reliable and cost effective
 +
system. We believe this device can have a real world, commercial potential.<br>
 +
<br>
 +
In the future, we plan to first, expand our testing and improve the chip even more. Ideally,
 +
to design a chip that is compatible with different tests (for fast/slow moving, high
 +
concentrations of repellent, different temperatures etc.). Second, we plan to improve
 +
the quantitative device, by replacing to a more accurate sensor or by
 +
implementing a signal processing algorithm for better results. Third, according to the
 +
<a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Technion_Israel/Model" target="_blank">model</a> we
 +
developed, there is a clear correlation between the repellent gradient and the bacterial
 +
concentration. The system allows to get a quantitative estimation of the bacterial concentration,
 +
so theoretically the results can be correlated to the repellent/attractant concentration.
 +
</p>
 +
 +
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p class="referances">
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References:<br>
 +
<br>
 +
1. Calloway, D. (1997). Beer-Lambert Law. Journal of Chemical Education, 74(7), 744. http://doi.org/10.1021/ed074p744.3<br>
 +
<br>
 +
</p>
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Latest revision as of 01:59, 20 October 2016

S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016

S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016

Introduction


We developed our first FlashLab prototypes around the geometry of the commercial fluidic chip -ibidi sticky–Slide I Luer 0.8. This chip is designed mostly for performing cell culture experiments with a custom specific bottom.

Fig. 1: The geometry of the commercial fluidic chip.


Table 1: Bill of materials for commercial chip


The chip is made of plastic and the bottom is closed by attaching a glass slide to it.

Fig. 2: Setup of commercial fluidic chip.


The commercial chip worked well for preliminary testing but was not ideal for our uses: The entry slots are relatively wide, making it difficult to load the sample in a uniform and even fashion.
This affects the diffusion of the chemo-repellent in the channel and reduces the overall accuracy of the device. Also, the channel is relatively shallow, forcing the use of a high concentration of bacteria to get a visible signal, this proves to be a problem as storing a large amount of bacteria in a confined space might cause oxygen shortage that will harm bacterial motility.

We devised new solutions to confronts those problems:

- Design a novel chip, based on the commercial chip but with unique changes to its geometry for improved performance.
- Design a quantitative test, a device built especially for detecting a change in bacterial concentration in the chip. This device is much more sensitive than the naked eye.

Chip redesigned

We designed a new chip with the following improvements:


(a) Reducing the radius of the entry slot will enable a controlled insertion of the sample.
The smaller slot will slow down any flow (for example, flow caused by loading a sample from a syringe). Also, this will fix the diffusion source at a permanent location in the chip for all of our experiments.

(b) Shaping the channel as a funnel in order to concentrate the bacteria even further as they move away from chemo-repellents (from left to right).

(c) A deeper channel will result in a darker shade of color in the same bacterial concentration than in the commercial chip, while reducing the risk of oxygen shortage.


Fig. 1: The geometry of the designed fluidic chip.


The new chip was fabricated in two methods: as a PDMS chip and in a Dolomite 3D printer.

Fabricating the PDMS chip

PDMS is considered the standard for microfluidic fabrication in labs. It is optically clear, and in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable.

The PDMS was then fabricated according to the following steps:

1. Design a two part mold using SolidWorks software- cover and base.
2. Print the mold using Ultimaker 2 Etentended+ 3D printer.
3. Mix the polymer base and curing agent at 10:1 weight ratio, respectively. Then, fill the mold with the mix.
4. Place the mold inside a desiccator to degas for 2 hours.
5. Bake the mold at 70 C for 3 hours.
6. Carefully take off the mold’s cover and then cut out the PDMS chip.
7. Attach the PDMS chip to a thin cover glass (0.3 mm) using silicon glue*.

The following scheme describes the mentioned process:


Fig. 2: PDMS chip fabrication process.


*Traditionally, bonding PDMS to glass is done by plasma treatment. Our 3D printed mold resulted in PDMS chips with relatively rough surface finish, forcing us to use other methods.




Table 1: Bill of materials for PDMS chip

Item Number Part Name Description Quantity
1 Mold PDMS Fluidic Chip Mold 1
2 Polymer Base and Curing Agent PDMS Mix 1
3 Laboratory Cover Glass 25.5x75.5x0.3[mm] 1
4 Silicone Glue Silicone Glue 1

Designing the mold


The mold is comprised of two parts which together create a unique geometry and allow for easier extraction of the PDMS out of the mold.

The base

- The cone on the base of the floor is meant to make the funnel shape of the chip ((a) in fig. 1).
- Small slits were made in the walls of the base to position the cover accurately.
- The overall size was determined so the chip will fit on a standard microscope cover slide. This will enable us to run experiments under a microscope easily.

Fig. 3: The geometry of the mold.


The cover

- Four rods coming out of the sides of the cover for easy extraction of the cover when taking out the PDMS.
- The ramp is to insure that the channel will be inserted inside the PDMS and getting the wanted channel height.
- The cover is made smaller than the base for a good fit and for letting out any gas that might have been caught when inserting it. Those gases, if left in, will expand in the oven and cause deformations in the chip.

Fig. 4: The geometry of the cover.


Printing the mold using Ultimaker 2 Etentended+ 3D printer . This 3d printer was chosen because of its high accuracy (X,Y,Z =12.5, 12.5, 5 micron) and due to the fact that the polymer it uses (PLA) can be heated to relatively high temperatures without changing form (TG=60-65 C). More benefits of 3D printing are the low price and fast manufacturing time: We printed our mold for about 25$, and it took about 6 hours.


Dolomite Fluidic Factory


Fluidic Factory enables fast prototyping of microfluidic chips, manifolds and connectors using COC (FDA approved, biocompatible, translucent and robust polymer). Printing the chip took about 3 hours and was made directly from a computer model. This technology was just released this year and we are the first iGEM group to ever use it.

Fig. 5: Factory chip fabrication process.


Results


We were able to make a few prototypes of the PDMS chip. The extraction of the chip was relatively easy and without any visible cracks or deformations. The chip still needed to be punctured in the entry slots, due to spaces between the molds. Also, attaching a glass slide to the PDMS needed to be done carefully, as the glass is thin and brittle.


Fig. 6: PDMS chip prototype.



The fluidic factory 3D printer did not produce us a usable chip. The channels kept collapsing while printing the model. Despite not achieving a usable chip, we believe that this technology shows a lot of promise.

Fig. 7: Fluidic Factory chip.

Quantitative test for bacterial concentration

Principle of Operation


Our system uses a photosensor to measure the intensity of a light beam transmitted through the chip. The measurement process is as follows: A yellow LED emits light at 585-595 [nm] on the chip, with the bacteria inside absorbing a portion of the light. The light transmitted through the chip reaches the photosensor which outputs an analog signal. This signal is then translated to a digital signal and fed to the computer. The end result is a graph of the output voltage as a function of time.
The output voltage can be compared to the bacterial concentration as shown in Equation 6.





Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of the quantitative system


The system requires two measurements. The first measurement is a blank meant to calibrate the system. This measurement is done on a chip containing only motility buffer (control). The second measurement is for the bacterial solution.

To avoid undesired light reflections, we have designed a dedicated black box as shown in Fig 2, to house the chip and the electrical circuits discussed below.

Fig. 2: 3D Model of the quantitative system


The electrical circuits


The system consists of two independent electrical circuits as shown in Fig 3. The blue circuit contains a resistor of 10 [kΩ], a potentiometer, a LED and Arduino as a constant voltage source. The red circuit contains a photoresistor LDR that is sensitive to 600 [nm] wavelength, a resistor of 1[MΩ] and an Arduino controller. The Arduino supplies constant voltage to both circuits and measures the voltage that falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor.

Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of the two electrical circuits.


Computer data system


The Arduino controller collects samples of the voltage that falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor. The voltage is converted to a digital signal and fed to the computer. The computer data system is based on a "Matlab GUI". Note that the Arduino I/O toolbox needs to be installed.
When running the Matlab code, the window shown in Fig 4 pops up.

Fig. 4: The system's user interface


The relation between the resistor’s voltage and bacterial O.D.


According to the voltage divider rule, the voltage that falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor VR is equal to

Equation 1

For a typical low cost LDR, the relationship between the resistance RLDR of a typical LDR and the light intensity is:

Equation 2

Where I is the light intensity that reaches the photoresistor.

Combining equations 1 and 2 we receive:

Equation 3

By definition:

Equation 4

Where A is the optical density of the sample and I0 is the light intensity emitted from the LED


Rearranging Equation 4:

Equation 5

Integrating Equation 5 at Equation 1:

Equation 6

Where I0 is the light intensity emitted from the LED and A is the optical density of the bacterial concentration inside the chip.

From Equation 6 it can be derived that VR is expected to decrease as A increases.

System improvements


Initially the photosensor we intended to use was a photodiode. Since the photodiode is relatively big it was difficult to fix its position. Thus, we replaced it with a photoresistor which is smaller and relatively sensitive to 600 [nm] wavelength.

In addition, before building the final system we used a battery as a voltage source and a USB data acquisition of NI to convert the analog signal into a digital one. In order to improve the system we replaced those two components with an Arduino controller that can serve as a constant voltage source and as a converter simultaneously.

As mentioned before the chip and the two electrical circuits were placed in a dark box (As shown in Fig 2) to avoid undesired light scattering. All the sides of the chip were darkened as well so the light can be transmitted only through the transparent channel.

To improve the dynamic range of the photoresistor we connected a resistor in series with the photoresistor. When the photoresistor is exposed to high light intensity, its resistance decreases dramatically. Under these conditions, most of the voltage falls on the 1[MΩ] resistor.
Since:

VR increases with R. As we wanted the maximum voltage falling on the resistor to be 5v (the total voltage), we chose a resistor of 1[MΩ].

Finally, if the light intensity that originates from the LED is too high, it can lead to the saturation of the photoresistor. To be able to tune the light intensity of the LED, a potentiometer was added to the LED circuit, to adjust the desired resistance which produces the optimal light intensity.

Testing the system

As can be deduced from the mathematical equations the voltage is expected to decrease as the optical density increases. For that purpose we prepared bacterial solutions in motility buffer at different concentrations and loaded them to the system. The results are displayed in Fig 5.

Fig. 5: The output voltage for different values of O.D as a function of time.

As can be deduced from the graph the output voltage converges after 88 [sec] which is much less than the time required for cluster formation (about 15 minutes). Thus, the system indeed can be used with FlashLab for real time detection. Moreover, the dynamic range of the system is relatively wide (0-3v), giving us the ability to detect a variety of bacterial O.D levels. In addition, the difference between the outputs obtained for O.D 0.757 and O.D 0.653 is much bigger than the system error’s measurement. Hence, it can be concluded that the system is relatively precise.

Table 1: Bill of materials

Item Number Part Name Description Quantity
1 Breadboard conductor 1
2 Wire conductor 9
3 Yellow led Light source 1
4 Resistor 10[kΩ] Isolator 1
5 Resistor 1[MΩ] Isolator 1
6 Photoresistor LDR Optical sensor 1
7 Commercial chip The project device 1
8 Arduino uno Power source and sample collector 1

Overview

FlashLab, although a successful detection tool, has several drawbacks. By redesigning the fluidic channels and engineering a more sensitive measurement system, we will be able to get a more reliable, accurate and user friendly device.

Our preliminary testing supports those claims. Showing we can detect small differences in bacterial concentration, that are not noticeable otherwise. Our prototype was completed by designing an easy to use user interface, and making a more reliable and cost effective system. We believe this device can have a real world, commercial potential.

In the future, we plan to first, expand our testing and improve the chip even more. Ideally, to design a chip that is compatible with different tests (for fast/slow moving, high concentrations of repellent, different temperatures etc.). Second, we plan to improve the quantitative device, by replacing to a more accurate sensor or by implementing a signal processing algorithm for better results. Third, according to the model we developed, there is a clear correlation between the repellent gradient and the bacterial concentration. The system allows to get a quantitative estimation of the bacterial concentration, so theoretically the results can be correlated to the repellent/attractant concentration.

References:

1. Calloway, D. (1997). Beer-Lambert Law. Journal of Chemical Education, 74(7), 744. http://doi.org/10.1021/ed074p744.3




S.tar, by iGEM Technion 2016