Difference between revisions of "Team:Lubbock TTU/Description"

 
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<h3>Project Overview</h3></br>
 
<h3>Project Overview</h3></br>
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In 2010, it was estimated that 6.5 million people in the United States alone suffered from chronic wounds, accruing an annual cost of about $2.5 billion. Furthermore, experts predict that the burden of chronic wounds will increase rapidly in the near future due to increasing medical costs, an aging population, and the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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In 2010 it was estimated that 6.5 million people in the United States alone suffered from chronic wounds, accruing an annual cost of approximately $2.5 billion. Furthermore, experts predict that the burden of chronic wounds will increase rapidly in the near future due to increasing medical costs, an aging population, and the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Chronic wounds are characterized by their inability to progress through an orderly set of stages within a time period of about three months. Wound healing progresses through four successive stages known as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling.  
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A chronic wound is considered a wound that does not heal in an orderly set of stages or within a time period of about three months. The etiology of chronic wounds is very diverse. One of the most prevalent reasons patients have persistent chronic wounds is that their bodies produce too many proteases at the wound site. In turn, these proteases degrade the extracellular matrix of the wound site which acts as a scaffold for new cells to migrate and grow. Proteases have also been shown to decrease healing rates by degrading growth factors that are needed for recruiting wound healing cells and inducing cellular proliferation.
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<img class="fancybox" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/9/95/T--Lubbock_TTU--swh_1.jpg" style="width:24%" title="Image Source: Student Nurse Adventures"></img>&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
<img class="fancybox" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/9/95/T--Lubbock_TTU--swh_1.jpg" style="width:24%" title="Image Source: Student Nurse Adventures"></img>&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<img class="fancybox" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/7/70/T--Lubbock_TTU--swh_4.jpg" style="width:24%" title="Image Source: Student Nurse Adventures"></img>
 
<img class="fancybox" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/7/70/T--Lubbock_TTU--swh_4.jpg" style="width:24%" title="Image Source: Student Nurse Adventures"></img>
 
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</br></center></br>
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Wound healing progresses through three successive stages known as inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Ultimately, the degradation of the extracellular matrix and growth factor cause the wound to remain stuck in the inflammation phase, thus unable to heal.
+
The etiology of chronic wounds is very diverse, but patients frequently suffer from persisting chronic wounds arrested in the inflammation phase due to overproduction of wound site proteases. In turn, proteases inhibit the proliferation phase by degrading growth factors meant to induce tissue growth. They also inhibit tissue remodeling by degrading the collagen scaffold, which new cells migrate into. Thus, proteases decrease wound healing rates by degrading host growth factors and the extracellular matrix of the wound site.
 +
</br></br>
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Our team is using a bioreactor and synthetic biology principles to purify and infuse a synthetic collagen scaffold with platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and Aprotinin to induce the healing process of chronic wounds. Synthetic collagen scaffolds are currently being used as a replacement for skin grafts in the treatment of burn victims. They have been shown to increase wound healing by attracting tissue cells, such as keratinocytes and aiding in angiogenesis and re-epithelialization.
 +
</br></br>
 +
In our collagen scaffold, the aprotinin serves to prevent degradation from wound site proteases. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that aprotinin can increase angiogenesis, ultimately improving synthetic scaffold integration efficiency.  PDGF has been well studied in the past and is the first growth factor to be approved by the FDA for human treatment. Currently ointments infused with PDGF, such as REGRANEX are being used to treat chronic wounds. We envision that our technology will help to introduce a novel synthetic-biology-based process for the development of therapeutic wound dressings.
  
 
<a href="javascript:toggletext('mytext')">Learn more.</a>
 
<a href="javascript:toggletext('mytext')">Learn more.</a>
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</br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">Our Goals</h3>
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                <h3>Our Goals</h3>
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We will use synthetic biology principles to help treat chronic wounds by targeting the overproduction of wound site protease.  
 
We will use synthetic biology principles to help treat chronic wounds by targeting the overproduction of wound site protease.  
  
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<li>For Aim 3 we will design a collagen bandage that mimics the human extracellular matrix, and infuse it with purified protease inhibitor and platelet derived growth factor.</li></ul></br>
 
<li>For Aim 3 we will design a collagen bandage that mimics the human extracellular matrix, and infuse it with purified protease inhibitor and platelet derived growth factor.</li></ul></br>
  
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Our approach is two-fold. By infusing the collagen extracellular matrix with platelet derived growth factor and protease inhibitor, chronic wounds should be able to progress past the inflammation phase and begin healing once again.
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Our approach is two-fold. By infusing the collagen extracellular matrix with platelet derived growth factor and protease inhibitor, chronic wounds should be able to progress past the inflammation phase and begin healing once again.</br></br>
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                     <div id="readmore"><a href="">What We Accomplished →</a></br></br></br></div>
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                     <div id="readmore"><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Lubbock_TTU/Results">What We Accomplished →</a></br></div>
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</br></br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">Aim 1</h3>
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    <div class="col-md-14 content" style="max-width:1000px;padding:10px 50px;">
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We were able to design constructs for two therapeutic proteins, aprotinin and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Our goal was to use these therapeutic proteins to decrease wound healing times. Aprotinin, being a matrix-metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor, will inhibit wound-site proteases, preventing these proteases from breaking down the healing extra-cellular matrix (ECM). PDGF will stimulate cellular regeneration in chronic wounds, helping to speed up and fortify the wound healing process.
 +
</br></br>
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/a/a4/T--Lubbock_TTU--dc2.png" width="350"></img>
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&emsp;
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/0/09/T--Lubbock_TTU--dc4.png" width="350"></img></center>
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</br><div id="readmore"><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Lubbock_TTU/Experiments">Experimental Data →</a></br></div>
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</br></br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">Aim 2</h3>
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 +
We designed, created, and tested a bioreactor to grow our bacteria in conditions so as to maximize protein production. With this optimal environment, we hoped to create a sustainable, cost-effective protocol to mass-produce our therapeutic agents.
 +
</br></br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/e/e7/T--Lubbock_TTU--dc1.png" width="350"></img>
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&emsp;
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/7/71/T--Lubbock_TTU--dc5.png" width="350"></img></center>
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</br><div id="readmore"><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Lubbock_TTU/Experiments">Experimental Data →</a></br></div>
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</br></br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">Aim 3</h3>
 +
    <div class="col-md-14 content" style="max-width:1000px;padding:10px 50px;">
 +
We made a control collagen matrix to compare with a collagen matrix that will be infused with our purified proteins, aprotinin and PDGF, which would imitate the human extracellular matrix. This would give the wound bed all the resources it would need for a speedy recovery.
 +
</br></br>
 +
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/8/85/T--Lubbock_TTU--dc3.png" width="350"></img></center>
 +
</br><div id="readmore"><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Lubbock_TTU/Experiments">Experimental Data →</a></br></div>
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</br></br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">Conclusion</h3>
 +
    <div class="col-md-14 content" style="max-width:1000px;padding:10px 50px;">
 +
Coupling a bioreactor with our Kil protein secretion method, we will be able to purify large quantities of DsbA tagged therapeutic protein from the supernatant with a continuous flow through process. Western blot analysis helped us to confirm the identity of our purified PDGF-B protein, and the bioreactor allowed us to produce large amounts of our secretion proteins.
 +
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</br></br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">Gold Medal Part Improvement</h3>
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A big part of the 2016 TTU iGEM teams project relied upon being able to produce Aprotinin (BBa_K1456006), a protease inhibitor for infusion into a collagen scaffold. To increase our chances we decided to improve upon this part which was created in 2014 by the ATOMS-Turkiye iGEM team.
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 +
</br></br>
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The first thing we did to improve this part was to remove two illegal sites to make it compatible with all iGEM RFC standards. Secondly, we found out that Aprotinin contains three disulphide bonds, which make correct folding in the cytoplasm difficult. To overcome this problem we decided to add a periplasmic localization peptide to K1456006, which allows for cotranslational translocation into the periplasm, where disulphide bonds are more easily formed.
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</br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">References</h3>
 
</br><h3 style="padding-top:0px;">References</h3>
 
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iGEM teams are encouraged to record references you use during the course of your research. They should be posted somewhere on your wiki so that judges and other visitors can see how you thought about your project and what works inspired you.</br>
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<ul>
 
<ul>
−
<li>Reference 1</li>
+
<li>Bowler, P. G., B. I. Duerden, and David G. Armstrong. "Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management." Clinical microbiology reviews 14, no. 2 (2001): 244-269.</il>
−
<li>Reference 2</li>
+
 
−
<li>Reference 3</li>
+
<li>Chen, Xiaoying, Jennica L. Zaro, and Wei-Chiang Shen. "Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality." Advanced drug delivery reviews65, no. 10 (2013): 1357-1369.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Cutting, Keith F., and Richard White. "Defined and refined: criteria for identifying wound infection revisited." Br J Community Nurs 9, no. 3 (2004): S6-15.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Fivenson, David P., Duyen T. Faria, Brian J. Nickoloff, Peter J. Poverini, Steven Kunkel, Marie Burdick, and Robert M. Strieter. "Chemokine and inflammatory cytokine changes during chronic wound healing." Wound Repair and Regeneration 5, no. 4 (1997): 310-322.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Goldman, Robert. "Growth factors and chronic wound healing: past, present, and future." Advances in skin & wound care 17, no. 1 (2004): 24-35.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Harley, Brendan A., Janet H. Leung, Emilio CCM Silva, and Lorna J. Gibson. "Mechanical characterization of collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds." Acta biomaterialia 3, no. 4 (2007): 463-474.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Harley, Brendan AC, and Lorna J. Gibson. "In vivo and in vitro applications of collagen-GAG scaffolds." Chemical Engineering Journal 137, no. 1 (2008): 102-121.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Hortensius, Rebecca A., and Brendan AC Harley. "Naturally derived biomaterials for addressing inflammation in tissue regeneration."Experimental Biology and Medicine (2016): 1535370216648022.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Johnson, A. Wagoner, and Brendan Harley, eds. Mechanobiology of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>O'Brien, Fergal J., Brendan A. Harley, Mary A. Waller, Ioannis V. Yannas, Lorna J. Gibson, and Patrick J. Prendergast. "The effect of pore size on permeability and cell attachment in collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering."Technology and Health Care 15, no. 1 (2007): 3-17.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>O’Brien, Fergal J., Brendan A. Harley, Ioannis V. Yannas, and Lorna Gibson. "Influence of freezing rate on pore structure in freeze-dried collagen-GAG scaffolds." Biomaterials 25, no. 6 (2004): 1077-1086.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Yager, Dorne R., Stephen M. Chen, Susan I. Ward, Oluyinka O. Olutoye, Robert F. Diegelmann, and I. Kelman Cohen. "Ability of chronic wound fluids to degrade peptide growth factors is associated with increased levels of elastase activity and diminished levels of proteinase inhibitors." Wound Repair and Regeneration 5, no. 1 (1997): 23-32.</il>
 +
 
 +
<li>Yannas, I. V., D. S. Tzeranis, B. A. Harley, and P. T. C. So. "Biologically active collagen-based scaffolds: advances in processing and characterization."Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1917 (2010): 2123-2139.</il>
 
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Latest revision as of 03:28, 20 October 2016


Project Overview


In 2010 it was estimated that 6.5 million people in the United States alone suffered from chronic wounds, accruing an annual cost of approximately $2.5 billion. Furthermore, experts predict that the burden of chronic wounds will increase rapidly in the near future due to increasing medical costs, an aging population, and the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Chronic wounds are characterized by their inability to progress through an orderly set of stages within a time period of about three months. Wound healing progresses through four successive stages known as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling.

        

The etiology of chronic wounds is very diverse, but patients frequently suffer from persisting chronic wounds arrested in the inflammation phase due to overproduction of wound site proteases. In turn, proteases inhibit the proliferation phase by degrading growth factors meant to induce tissue growth. They also inhibit tissue remodeling by degrading the collagen scaffold, which new cells migrate into. Thus, proteases decrease wound healing rates by degrading host growth factors and the extracellular matrix of the wound site.

Our team is using a bioreactor and synthetic biology principles to purify and infuse a synthetic collagen scaffold with platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and Aprotinin to induce the healing process of chronic wounds. Synthetic collagen scaffolds are currently being used as a replacement for skin grafts in the treatment of burn victims. They have been shown to increase wound healing by attracting tissue cells, such as keratinocytes and aiding in angiogenesis and re-epithelialization.

In our collagen scaffold, the aprotinin serves to prevent degradation from wound site proteases. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that aprotinin can increase angiogenesis, ultimately improving synthetic scaffold integration efficiency. PDGF has been well studied in the past and is the first growth factor to be approved by the FDA for human treatment. Currently ointments infused with PDGF, such as REGRANEX are being used to treat chronic wounds. We envision that our technology will help to introduce a novel synthetic-biology-based process for the development of therapeutic wound dressings. Learn more.



Aim 1

We were able to design constructs for two therapeutic proteins, aprotinin and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Our goal was to use these therapeutic proteins to decrease wound healing times. Aprotinin, being a matrix-metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor, will inhibit wound-site proteases, preventing these proteases from breaking down the healing extra-cellular matrix (ECM). PDGF will stimulate cellular regeneration in chronic wounds, helping to speed up and fortify the wound healing process.

 





Aim 2

We designed, created, and tested a bioreactor to grow our bacteria in conditions so as to maximize protein production. With this optimal environment, we hoped to create a sustainable, cost-effective protocol to mass-produce our therapeutic agents.

 





Aim 3

We made a control collagen matrix to compare with a collagen matrix that will be infused with our purified proteins, aprotinin and PDGF, which would imitate the human extracellular matrix. This would give the wound bed all the resources it would need for a speedy recovery.






Conclusion

Coupling a bioreactor with our Kil protein secretion method, we will be able to purify large quantities of DsbA tagged therapeutic protein from the supernatant with a continuous flow through process. Western blot analysis helped us to confirm the identity of our purified PDGF-B protein, and the bioreactor allowed us to produce large amounts of our secretion proteins.