Human Practice

Preface

Why We Do This

In recent years, cancer has become one of the most serious killers threatening human health. Morbidity and mortality raising continuously, cancer is becoming a primary death reason and a significant public health problem. As is reported by Chinese Cancer Statistics 2015, there will be more than 4 million new cancer cases and nearly 3 million deaths of cancer in 2015. It has become one of the most serious problems facing by China, even globe, to treat cancer effectively.

Aiming at different kind of cancers, different medicine and treatments have been developed based on different therapy principles. However, the detecting and screening of medicines now is conducted based more on chemical methods, which is sometimes complex and time-consuming. Inspired by the properties of microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol, we developed a method to screen medicines based on the microtubule stabilization. If microtubule-stabilizing molecule exists, our engineered protein will polymerize and show light which can be detected through microscope. We expect it to be a more sensitive and effective system screening anticancer agents.

Our Human Practice is based on the project and included interviews, investigations and games we designed

PREPARING BEFORE BEGINNING

Mini-iGEM

We organized the Mini-iGEM competition, which took a month, before our project began. As its name, the competition is for small iGEM projects designed by ten groups. They worked as iGEM’s pattern and designed a project or solve a problem using principles of synthetic biology. Then we invited some professors to score these projects and give their advice. Through this competition, we found some inspiring ideas and on the other hand deepened students’ understand of iGEM.

Here are some of posters of Mini-iGEM.

SEEING IS BELIEVING

Investigation of Taxus yunnanensis

The most famous microtubule-stabilizing medicine is taxol, which comes from extraction of taxus trees. However, since the great performance in curing cancer was discovered, yew trees in Yunnan have experienced a period of massacre, which caused a sharp decrease in yew population. So, in these years, the government has taken measures to protect them. Then we are wondering whether those measures truly work and how is everything going with yew trees now in Yunnan. So we spend several days this summer in Yunnan investigating the yew trees there. We went to some places including Yunnan Hande Biotechnology corporation which is the first producing souce of taxol in China, Yunnan Acadamy of Forestry (YAF) and Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB), Chinese Academy of Science. Besides, we carried on some population survey in Heilongtan Park, Yunnan University and Kunming Botanical Garden.

Through our survey, we learned that there are more and more yew tree plant bases coming into being in Yunnan and they are mainly allocated at sipsongpanna, Wenshan, Diqing, and so on. The distribution of wild yew trees is dispersive and in small population, for both natural and human reasons. In the YAF, Dr. Jinfeng Zhang and his fellow said that it’s important to nurture artificial yew forests, especially from the angle of economy and forestry. The yew tree and its wood are both valueable so the artificial forest is a great protection of wild trees. He said that, the yew tree do have other value in addition to anticancer. For example, it can be used to treat diabetes, skin desease and sore throat. Besides, its wood is also precious (Though we can’t agree with some of what he said.).

As to planting yew trees, the farmers should get united with enterprises, who can give guide to farmers and ensure the quality of yews. Some farmers just noticed the great profits in planting yew, but had little techniques in it, which caused large loss to them. Besides, these cases was also a waste of soil and resources. As a consequence, governments and companies should actively guide farmers to plant trees, and it’s a win-win choice.

The protection of wild yew trees goes well in Yunnan province. And the support to scientific research and forestry study from government are strengthened these years. As Dr. Zhang said, government should focus on protection, and leaves the yew market to itself. The public attribute to yew trees and its protection changes a lot varying different people. Here is an overview of the public research result.

Public Research

In order to learn about the public attitude and knowledge to yew protection, we carried on a public research in Heilongtan Park, Yunnan University and Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming.Here is our result.

We learned that nearly half of people are lacking basic knowledge about the yew trees.

At the same time, the understand of yew trees varies a lot in different people.

People living in Kunming and surrounding counties have a better knowledge than tourists from other provinces. In Yunnan province, many folk prescriptions mentioned yew barks as a traditional Chinese medicine, which may be one of the reasons why people know a lot about medical therapy.

Among these people, the teenagers have a more comprehensive knowledge about the application of yew trees, while the old know more about the medical value of yew.

Through the random investigation we learned that almost half of residents know some markets selling yew products while tourists know little about this. And after we ask further we noticed that these markets distribute mainly in the aggregation place of wild yew trees such as Lijiang.

Besides, over 90% people thought that there are not many yew trees in the wild and they needed enhanced protection. But when it comes to the present situation of yew protection, the understanding of different people varies a lot.

The most locals thought that the protecting condition of the yew is unfavorable while people from other provinces argues the opposites. After further study, we learned that there have been cases in Kunming Botany Garden that people skinned the yew for selling. And a sizable part of the olds took or are taking yew medicines like yew wine and so on. There are also some people collecting yew wood chopping block, cups, and tea table.

Besides, we learned that the knowledge of yew mainly spread through leisure chatting or learn from cousins and friends. Some of its information comes from sellers, too. For people come from other provinces, some of people learned yew from internet or books, and some of people learned from sellers. So many yew production sellers play an important role in popularization of yew science and the information they provided needs to be more scientific

Interview With Hande Company

Hande Biotechnology Corporation is a mature company with long history. As the first company in China to produce taxol, it drew our attention immediately. They focused more on the profit of taxol products and they are also playing an important role in yew resources protection. They now mainly use yew tree tissue as resource of products. Once upon a time, they were drew into a dilamma for they were accused of using wild yew trees. The protective law being more and more perfect, this kind of problems will no longer cause a debate. They now have their own planting bases and will develop chemical synthesize method to make the production more profitable.

Below is the record of our interview with the senior leaders of Hande. Click to see more.

The interviews to Dr. Jinfeng Zhang from YAF and Dr. Jie Liu from KIB is mainly from scientific view to argue about exploitation and protection politics of yew. Dr. Zhang said that all the artificial yew forest need professional direct from academics or companies. And the taxol content in yew should reach a criterion, which need chemical methods nowadays to analysis, to ensure the subsequent product rate and quality. Our project can also be used in these analysis and may be more convenient. Dr. Zhang’s view about protecting yew is that artificial forest is so popular that we don’t need to constrain the yew productions in the market. What we should do is protect wild trees and now this work goes generally well. So this market should be left to market itself to be regulated. Dr. Liu ‘s talk is mainly about the systematic evolution of Taxus species. He has no idea about why some of Taxus species can produce taxol and how the difference of taxol content in different species evolved. But he gave the phylogenetic relationships among present Taxus species. And this talk makes us more reasonable when think about yews. Taxus is just a kind of the miscellaneous plants in the world and he thought that the natural effect is more important than human activities for he thought about this problem in a further larger time scale. We noticed that though these people are all doing researches about the same species, they think about it from totally different dimensions. That’s truly inspiring.

Yunnan Academic of Forestry

The interviews to Dr. Jinfeng Zhang from YAF and Dr. Jie Liu from KIB is mainly from scientific view to argue about exploitation and protection politics of yew. Dr. Zhang said that all the artificial yew forest need professional direct from academics or companies. And the taxol content in yew should reach a criterion, which need chemical methods nowadays to analysis, to ensure the subsequent product rate and quality. Our project can also be used in these analysis and may be more convenient. Dr. Zhang’s view about protecting yew is that artificial forest is so popular that we don’t need to constrain the yew productions in the market. What we should do is protect wild trees and now this work goes generally well. So this market should be left to market itself to be regulated.

Dr. Liu ‘s talk is mainly about the systematic evolution of Taxus species. He has no idea about why some of Taxus species can produce taxol and how the difference of taxol content in different species evolved. But he gave the phylogenetic relationships among present Taxus species. And this talk makes us more reasonable when think about yews. Taxus is just a kind of the miscellaneous plants in the world and he thought that the natural effect is more important than human activities for he thought about this problem in a further larger time scale. We noticed that though these people are all doing researches about the same species, they think about it from totally different dimensions. That’s truly inspiring.