Difference between revisions of "Team:Pretoria UP/Description"

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As we all know fossil fuels are running out and we need to find alternative and green energy sources. We have found a solution! The solution lies in combining the thylakoid membrane of plants` chlorophyll to a graphene plate (a superconductive carbon plate). When sunlight shines on the thylakoid membrane free electrons are generated and these electrons can be harvested to generate electricity. The key is to bind the thylakoid membrane to the graphene plate (this becomes the anode). In order to bind the thylakoid membrane we have engineered the sequence of short DNA pieces, called aptamers. One end of the aptamer binds specifically to the electron producing protein in the thylakoid membrane and the other side to the graphene plate. When electrons are then produced by the thylakoid membrane, they travel through the aptamer and to the graphene plate. Laccases is attached to the cathode which acts as an electron acceptor. This creates a potential difference and so are electricity generated by plants!
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<p class="text-gray"><b>Abstract: </b>The world population consumes approximately 3500 kWh/y/capita, increasing the demand for clean alternative energy. Recent improvements of photo-bioelectrochemical cells (PBEC), which harness electrons from photosynthesis to generate electricity, include synthetic attachment of chloroplast thylakoids to graphene electrodes. However, current attachment techniques require costly chemically synthesized linkers and PBECs are not yet efficient enough for industrial energy generation. In this project, DNA aptamers were designed and evaluated as low-cost biological linkers to tether plant photosystem II (PSII) complexes to graphene foam electrodes. Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX), together with software developed by team Heidelberg 2015 (MAWS and JAWS) were used to develop PSII- and graphene-binding DNA aptamer candidates. This project aims to improve the attachment and orientation of the PSII complex to the graphene electrode for higher electron transfer efficiency, and serves as a prototype for the in planta expression of RNA aptamers for self-assembling thylakoid attachment.
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<br>The biologists in the team knew that electron flow occurs when photosystems in chloroplasts are exposed to sunlight and the engineers knew all about graphene (with its amazing properties such as porosity and conductivity). We then decided that we should combine these two to create an eco friendly manner of generating electricity. Furthermore, this photo-bioelectrochemical cell (PBEC) is much cheaper than most PBECs as it does not contain expensive metals.
 
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<p>Photo-bioelectrochemical cells hold great potential as clean, alternative energy sources. A major barrier is the attachment, efficiency and cost of the system, making scalability unfeasible. Particularly, synthetic linkers used for thylakoid attachment to electrodes are expensive and difficult to manufacture at sufficient scale.
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<p>Our aim with this project is to design and construct an optimized photo-bioelectrochemical cell using an in planta RNA aptamer synthetic biology strategy for self-assembling attachment of plant thylakoids to graphene-coated anodes.
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<br>Our goal for the WattsAptamer project is to provide a clean, inexpensive power generation alternative to current fossil fuel based approaches, by means of photo-bioelectrochemical cells (PBECs). Simply put, we are engineering a plant based battery!
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<br>The idea to make these “plant batteries” stems from our very own struggles here in South Africa where we are faced with an electricity crisis. The people of South Africa are learning to live in the dark, as our national power utility is unable to meet electricity demand and as a result they have to keep implementing a tortuous schedule of rolling blackouts known as “load shedding”. It has come to such a state that South Africans now check electricity reports that read like weather forecasts.
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<br>The problem however is not limited to South Africa but extends to the world. There are many countries in the world where the greater proportion of the population does not have access to electricity. Additional to this, the world population consumes approximately 3500 kWh/y/capita. To put this into perspective this figure is equivalent to approximately 11 atomic bombs going off each year. The problem with this is that fossil fuels are finite and will eventually run out.
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<br>We as the University of Pretoria’s iGEM team decided to take it upon ourselves to make a difference by using a synthetic biology approach to combating the electricity problems we are challenged with as a nation as well as on a global scale, by building our WattsAptamer “battery”.
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<br>So when designing WattsAptamer, we as a multidisciplinary team of biologists and engineers combined our knowledge of our respective fields and came up with our design. The biologists in the group knew all about how nature generates energy through photosynthesis, and as such came up with the idea to attach thylakoids to an electrode which in the presence of light will split water into hydrogen and oxygen this charge separation step releases free electrons. The engineers then opened our eyes to the world of graphene. Graphene is made from graphite and has the most amazing physical properties, one of which is that it is a super conductive material. To give you an idea of just how conductive “super conductive” is; graphene is 1000 times more conductive than copper, and that’s only one of its phenomenal properties. The engineers suggested that we use graphene as the electrodes in our system.  
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Revision as of 08:56, 18 October 2016

WATTS-APTAMER - PRETORIA_UP iGEM

WATTS-APTAMER - UP_PRETORIA iGEM

Project description

As we all know fossil fuels are running out and we need to find alternative and green energy sources. We have found a solution! The solution lies in combining the thylakoid membrane of plants` chlorophyll to a graphene plate (a superconductive carbon plate). When sunlight shines on the thylakoid membrane free electrons are generated and these electrons can be harvested to generate electricity. The key is to bind the thylakoid membrane to the graphene plate (this becomes the anode). In order to bind the thylakoid membrane we have engineered the sequence of short DNA pieces, called aptamers. One end of the aptamer binds specifically to the electron producing protein in the thylakoid membrane and the other side to the graphene plate. When electrons are then produced by the thylakoid membrane, they travel through the aptamer and to the graphene plate. Laccases is attached to the cathode which acts as an electron acceptor. This creates a potential difference and so are electricity generated by plants!

Why we chose this project



The biologists in the team knew that electron flow occurs when photosystems in chloroplasts are exposed to sunlight and the engineers knew all about graphene (with its amazing properties such as porosity and conductivity). We then decided that we should combine these two to create an eco friendly manner of generating electricity. Furthermore, this photo-bioelectrochemical cell (PBEC) is much cheaper than most PBECs as it does not contain expensive metals.

Project description



Our goal for the WattsAptamer project is to provide a clean, inexpensive power generation alternative to current fossil fuel based approaches, by means of photo-bioelectrochemical cells (PBECs). Simply put, we are engineering a plant based battery!


The idea to make these “plant batteries” stems from our very own struggles here in South Africa where we are faced with an electricity crisis. The people of South Africa are learning to live in the dark, as our national power utility is unable to meet electricity demand and as a result they have to keep implementing a tortuous schedule of rolling blackouts known as “load shedding”. It has come to such a state that South Africans now check electricity reports that read like weather forecasts.


The problem however is not limited to South Africa but extends to the world. There are many countries in the world where the greater proportion of the population does not have access to electricity. Additional to this, the world population consumes approximately 3500 kWh/y/capita. To put this into perspective this figure is equivalent to approximately 11 atomic bombs going off each year. The problem with this is that fossil fuels are finite and will eventually run out.


We as the University of Pretoria’s iGEM team decided to take it upon ourselves to make a difference by using a synthetic biology approach to combating the electricity problems we are challenged with as a nation as well as on a global scale, by building our WattsAptamer “battery”.


So when designing WattsAptamer, we as a multidisciplinary team of biologists and engineers combined our knowledge of our respective fields and came up with our design. The biologists in the group knew all about how nature generates energy through photosynthesis, and as such came up with the idea to attach thylakoids to an electrode which in the presence of light will split water into hydrogen and oxygen this charge separation step releases free electrons. The engineers then opened our eyes to the world of graphene. Graphene is made from graphite and has the most amazing physical properties, one of which is that it is a super conductive material. To give you an idea of just how conductive “super conductive” is; graphene is 1000 times more conductive than copper, and that’s only one of its phenomenal properties. The engineers suggested that we use graphene as the electrodes in our system.

WATTS-APTAMER - PRETORIA_UP iGEM