Difference between revisions of "Team:British Columbia/Project/S-Layer/Laccases"

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                     <p>"But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful. Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure?"</p>
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                     <p>Current pretreatment and hydrolysis approaches to biomass depolymerization involve thermochemical methods that apply alkaline chemicals, in addition to high heat and pressure (1). These methods enhance the fractionation of lignin and hemicellulose from the plant cell wall, thereby allowing enzymes access to the cellulosic fraction for downstream processing. Although these methods are effective, their high cost to industries and to the environment requires that alternative methods to remove the more recalcitrant components of lignocellulosic biomass, are erected. We intend to produce a system that minimally relies on external thermochemical treatments to make the cellulosic component of biomass available for valuable-chemical production. To achieve this, we attempted to engineer surface layer expression of a small laccase derived from Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2, in Caulobacter crescentus.</p>
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                    Laccases belong to a superfamily of enzymes called multicopper oxidases (MCO), and are expressed by several rot-fungi and soil bacteria (2). As an MCO, they catalyze the one-electron oxidation of substrates through associated four-electron reductions of molecular oxygen to water, using four copper ions coordinated in designated copper centers (3, 4). Their broad phenolic and polyphenolic substrate specificity allows for direct transformation of lignin, or removal of toxic phenols that arise during lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment (5). </p>
  
 
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Laccases

Laccase
S-Layer Engineering

Abstract

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Key Achievements

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Introduction

Current pretreatment and hydrolysis approaches to biomass depolymerization involve thermochemical methods that apply alkaline chemicals, in addition to high heat and pressure (1). These methods enhance the fractionation of lignin and hemicellulose from the plant cell wall, thereby allowing enzymes access to the cellulosic fraction for downstream processing. Although these methods are effective, their high cost to industries and to the environment requires that alternative methods to remove the more recalcitrant components of lignocellulosic biomass, are erected. We intend to produce a system that minimally relies on external thermochemical treatments to make the cellulosic component of biomass available for valuable-chemical production. To achieve this, we attempted to engineer surface layer expression of a small laccase derived from Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2, in Caulobacter crescentus.

Laccases belong to a superfamily of enzymes called multicopper oxidases (MCO), and are expressed by several rot-fungi and soil bacteria (2). As an MCO, they catalyze the one-electron oxidation of substrates through associated four-electron reductions of molecular oxygen to water, using four copper ions coordinated in designated copper centers (3, 4). Their broad phenolic and polyphenolic substrate specificity allows for direct transformation of lignin, or removal of toxic phenols that arise during lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment (5).

Design

WE MUST ADD THIS SECTION :)

Methods

Results

Conclusion

References

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