Hydrogenases Expression and Enzyme Activity Assay
(1) Principles and Methods
In the activity assay of the hydrogenase in producing hydrogen, we repeated three parallel experiments to test the activity and validated the repeatability of our rudimentary system. In each parallel experiment, the system goes through three periods of “light-on and light-off”. The results (see below) shows the stability of the system and the reversible catalytic activity of the hydrogenase of the reaction, 2H+ + 2e- ⇿ H2 .
The three parallel systems consist of
E. coli with engineered hydrogenase (wet weight 100ug) resuspended in PBS, 200ul quantum dots/nanorods (7.72*10^-9 M) resuspended in PBS, 150Mm NaCl, 100mM VitaminC, and mediator solution (5mM Paraquat dichloride, for mediating the electrons across the cell membrane). The whole solution including bacteria is adjusted to pH=4 by 100mM Tris-HCl(pH=7.0), given that the pH of 4 was reported to be an optimal environment.
Prior to the assay, the
E. coli was induced with IPTG overnight at room temperature. The whole system is based on former study.
In addition, we did a fourth assay with resuspended microspheres covered with quantum dots/nanorods bound biofilm in PBS, in place of the resuspended quantum dots/nanorods solution. The fourth set is the actual system we are proposing, since it is as efficient and allows the recycling of quantum dots/nanorods.
In our experiment, we find that despite the reported affected catalytic ability of FeFe hydrogenase due to oxygen, non-strict anaerobic and short-term exposure to oxygen does not cause detrimental effects on the enzyme activity of producing hydrogen. This can be explained by the high catalytic ability and the segregation layer from the atmosphere provided by the hydrogen it produces. Meanwhile, the electron sacrificial agent VitaminC also adds to the “protection layer” of the hydrogenase in our system.
(2) Instrument
Figure 5 Apparatus of the hydrogen production assay.
It contains (1) an anaerobic reaction container which is a transparent circular cuvette that allows light to go through; (2) a light source in our hydrogen production assay acting as a substitute for the real sun. (We chose a high-power white LED light, set 28cm away from the reaction container for a even distribution of photons); (3) a hydrogen electrode linked to its inner sensor inserted into the reaction container to measure the realtime concentration of hydrogen; (4) a date hub; (5) a computer connected to the hub to record the data and generate the curve of concentration variation within a period of time.
Results
a) Contribution of each component of the hydrogen production system
The first hydrogen production data using our system is the pink curve (curve 1) in Figure 5. It shows that lighting can induce hydrogen production in a closed system with nano rods (NR), mediator Methyl Viologen, and IPTG-induced bacteria transformed with fused plasmid. To prove that every element of the system is necessary and that it is our hydrogenase that produced the hydrogen rather than NR, we conducted a series of experiments.
To see whether NR is necessary and whether the hydrogen is produced by the reaction between NR and water under lighting rather than our hydrogenase, we conducted the experiment where the system does not contain nano rods or contain only nano rods. The data is summarized in Figure 5A. The red curve (curve 2) represents the system with the transformed bacterial suspension but without nano rods (NR). The flat curve shows that the system without NR could not produce hydrogen with light; NR is necessary for the system. The black curve (curve 3) represents a system in which only NR and mediators are present, with no bacteria. The flat curve shows that it could not produce hydrogen, which proves that the elements of the bacteria is necessary in the synthesis of hydrogen.
Figure 6
click to enlarge the figure
Hydrogen production evolution curve (Sensor Data/ Hydrogen amount vs Time) with different components. The pink curve (curve 1) in all pictures is the hydrogen production with all the components, nano rods (NR), IPTG induction, and the bacteria transformed with our hydrogenase plasmid. The rest are data with one or two components missing. In particular, data in the integrated picture are categorized into Figure 6A and 6B. Figure 6A shows the system with or without nano rods or with nano rods alone, and Figure 6B represents the system with or without induction. The curve 3 in each of the specific figure is the blank control with not transformed
E. coli BL21. This series of experiments show that only when both nano rods (NR) and IPTG-induced transformed bacteria are present can the system produce hydrogen in a stable way.
Another step in proving that it is that the hydrogenase is indeed responsible for hydrogen production is to contrast the production level between the induced and un-induced bacteria suspension. The experiment we conducted are summarized in Figure 6B In this set of experiment, the blue line (curve 4) acts as our blank control. In this group, we use the wild type BL21 cells without plasmid. Although we can see a positive oscillation during a short time in the curve, the production was not at high rate and is likely due to the native hydrogenase in
E. coli. The green curve (curve 5) represents the transformed bacterial with no induction of IPTG after 12h cultivation. The flat curve shows that it could not produce hydrogen, which proves that the induction of the hydrogenase expression is necessary. To further confirm, we did another experiment using bacteria that have grown 36 hours with no induction. The purple curve (curve 6) clearly contrasts the induced BL21 and the non-induced one. With curve 4 to 6, we have demonstrated that, with the help of NR, it was our hydrogenase in the system that produced the hydrogen we detected.
b) Bidirectional catalytic property of [FeFe] hydrogenase
As mentioned earlier, hydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2). Thus, when we “turn off” the production mode, we should be able to see the consumption of hydrogen by hydrogenase. In testing this bidirectional catalytic property, conducted an experiment where we turned on and turned off the light alternately. The data is shown below in Figure 7. During lighting period, the hydrogen production increases, until we shut off the light at points that correspond to the tips. The curve then goes downward, showing that the hydrogen concentration is lowered, an evidence of the consumption of hydrogen. It is noteworthy that the hydrogenase shows the greatest production rate at the beginning of lighting: a transient sharp rise can be observed at the valleys. It is also obvious that each period of “light-on light-off” gives similar curves, which implies that our hydrogenase is stable.
Figure 6 Verifying the bidirectional catalytic property of [FeFe] hydrogenase.
During the period under lighting, the hydrogen production increases, until we shut off the light at points that correspond to the tips. The curve then goes downward, showing that the hydrogen concentration is lowered, an evidence of the consumption of hydrogen.
c) Hydrogen production with nano rods suspension replaced by nano rods bound to biofilm beads.
Given the difficulty in recycling the nano rods due to their small size, we utilize biofilm to immobilize nano rods and aggregate them into larger assemblies that allow filtration or other ways of recycling including centrifugation. However, testing whether the NR aggregate work in our system is needed. We conducted experiments with nano rods suspension replaced by nano rods bound to biofilm beads. The biofilm, whose subunit was CsgA engineered with HisTag on N-termial and SpyCachter-HisTag on C-terminal, was grown on microspheres, 25 micrometers in diameter for 48 hours. NR’s were then added and given 30 min to bind to the HisTag on CsgA subunit. (The engineered SpyCatcher was used for future pure hydrogenase binding.) The solution was centrifuged and the sediments contained biofilm beads covered with NR. This sediment was resuspended in PBS and was added to the reaction system. The data is in Figure 7 In this experiment, we did the same “light-on light off” actions to the system and the pattern is similar to the one with NR suspension (Figure 6) During lighting, the rapid production of hydrogen can be clearly observed. Some other characteristics pertain, such as the sharp rise at the beginning of lighting.
Figure 8 Hydrogen production with nano rods suspension replaced by nano rods bound to biofilm beads.
We replaced the nanorods suspension with nano rods bound to biofilm beads. During the period with lighting, the hydrogen production increases, until we shut off the light at points that correspond to the tips. The curve then goes downward, showing that the hydrogen concentration is lowered, an evidence of the consumption of hydrogen, as in Figure 7.
Comparing Figure 6 and Figure 7
In the process of hydrogen generation, a stir bar with a necessary speed of 800 RPM was used to generate the curve in Figure 7. But in Figure 8, a stir bar was not used. It is likely because the aggregates of NR have a bigger chance in colliding with
E. coli to transfer electrons. We therefore propose this model as our final model, although further optimization of the system is still under way.
d) Repeatability
Figure9. Repeatability of our hydrogen production system. The three curves conform. This demonstrates our preliminary prototype as repeatable and robust.
To further prove our system as a reliable one, we did three sets of hydrogen production assays in one day in a row (Figure8, curve 10-12). The system was mainly made up of resuspended CdS nonorods, E. Coli BL21 transformed with the plasmid containing all the four [FeFe]hydrogenase subunits from Clostridium. acetobutylicum, and mediator, methyl viologen. (See Figure5 or the section of Principles and Methods for details of the reaction system.) From the data shown, we clearly see the conformation of the three curves. This demonstrates our preliminary prototype in Figure5 as repeatable and robust.
Figure 1A The reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen.
Hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2). (Figure 1)
Hydrogenase can be sub-classified into three different types based on the active site metal content: iron-iron hydrogenase ([FeFe] hydrogenase), nickel-iron hydrogenase ([NiFe] hydrogenases), and iron hydrogenase. In contrast to [NiFe] hydrogenases, [FeFe] hydrogenases are generally more active in production of molecular hydrogen. Turnover frequency (TOF) in the order of 10,000 s−1 have been reported in literature for [FeFe] hydrogenases from Clostridium pasteurianum.[1] This has led to intense research focusing on the use of [FeFe] hydrogenase for sustainable production of H2.[2]
Normal E. coli bacteria contain [NiFe] hydrogenase, but the activity and expressive rate is non-obvious. For the above reasons, we decided to construct [FeFe] hydrogenases gene cluster for sustainable production of H2.
Figure 2B HydE, as well as HydG have a radical-SAM motif. In most of the cases, these two enzymes might form a complex to fulfill their functions in helping the HydA mature.
Figure 2C HydF, whose N-termiatal domain is homoligous to the GTPase family and C-terminatal domain putatively contains a iron-sulfur center bingding motif CxHx45HCxxC,is considered to provide energy during the process.
Figure 2D HydG,besides a radical-SAM motif Cx3Cx2C,it also has motif Cx2Cx22C to bind the redox center- [4Fe4S] cluster. The [4Fe4S] cubic cluster might transer to HydA.
