Results

Preparing and selecting the dumbbell probes

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To amplify the initial let-7a input signal, a miRNA initiated rolling circle amplification (RCA) reaction was designed to be performed. Thus requires a functional dumbbell shaped probe for the initial interaction with target miRNAs. For such matters, four dumbbell shaped probes were designed, prepared and then tested as the first steps of our project. To prepare the functional probes, 5’ phosphate oligo DNAs were synthesized by company (Takara), after rehydrated in DEPC-treated water, oligo DNAs were then processed by T4 DNA Ligase to transform the linearized structure into a sealed one. The remaining un-sealed ssDNA and dsDNA were then digested by Exonuclease I and III, thus the sealed and dumbbell shaped probes could be purified (Figure 1A). The ligated and purified product were then verified through 2% agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 1B).  The results showed that Exonuclease treated groups remained strong probe signals similar to Exonuclease untreated ones after ligation. As control, the groups without T4 DNA ligase treatment after exposed to Exonuclease present no DNA signal. Thus indicated a high ligation efficiency of T4 DNA ligase treatment and effective purification capacity of Exonuclease treatment for dumbbell probe formation. Meanwhile, we could conclude that relatively pure dumbbell shaped probes were obtained. Those probes were then implemented into a 2-hour RCA reactions initiated by 10nM let-7a miRNA obtained from in vitro expression (Figure 1C). The result of RCA reaction was then demonstrated through a 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 1D). As is shown in the electrophoresis, RCA productions generated by a 2-hour reaction were too large to move through the agarose gel, which then, shown as being clogged in the well. Gel results also showed that prob1, prob3 and prob4 were all functional for the RCA reaction, among which, prob1 showed the strongest ability for such reaction. Prob1 was then selected as the probe in the further experiment.

(Figure 1)

Verifying and assessing RCA sensitivity and specificity

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For the primary verification and assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of the miRNA initiated RCA reaction, let-7a, as the target miRNA was DISOLVED IN DEPC-TREATED WATER for various concentrations to determine the sensitivity of RCA reaction (Figure 2A). The specificity of RCA reaction was assessed through four different miRNAs in let-7 family, namely let-7c (one base mismatch against let-7a), let-7f (one base mismatch), and let-7g (two bases mismatches), and fluorescent dye Sybr I was used to monitor the amount of the dsDNA in the reaction solution. Sybr I can bind specifically with the dsDNA and produce 515nm fluorescent when excited by 485nm light once bound. Thus made the real-time detection of dsDNA concentration in reaction solution possible. Building on this, real-time fluorescent assay was performed to monitor the reaction process under different input concentration of let-7a to determine the best reaction time (Figure 2B). Results showed that under 120-min treatment, significant difference can be shown among 10nM, 100pM, 1pM and 10fM of let-7a while the lowest Fluorescent Intensity Variation (ΔFI) level remained positive (Figure 2C). After that, we then performed RCA reaction under more various concentrations of let-7a to determine the detailed relationship between miRNA concentration and ΔFI. After plotting the ΔFI data against minus logarithm of let-7a concentration, an exponential curve could be fitted with a squared correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9763. THE SENSITIVITY OF SUCH METHOD WAS ALSO ESTIMATED TO BE UNDER 1FM (3 times higher than the standard division of the blank group). As for the specificity of RCA reaction in water-disolved samples, a 2-hour RCA reaction was performed under the 10nM input concentration of let-7a, let-7c, let-7f and let-7g solutions. Results showed an at least 5-time difference among let-7a group against other miRNAs (Figure 2D), indicating A BRILLIANT SPECIFICITY OF RCA REACTION.

(Figure 2)

To further determine if such great sensitivity and specificity could be maintained working on MORE COMPLICATED SAMPLES SUCH AS SERUM, we then disolved let-7a in 7% human serum for various concentrations to determine the sensitivity of RCA reaction under such condition (Figure 3A). The human serum was collected and mixed from serum samples of 50 different healthy volunteers under their consent. Similarly, real-time fluorescence assay was performed and 150-min reaction time was determined to be good enough since the difference among different let-7a concentration was significant enough (Figure 3B and 3C). After expanded into more groups with various let-7a concentrations, data points on ΔFI vs. -log[let-7a] plot could also be fitted by an exponential curve with a R² of 0.9685 (Figure 3D). Thus the RCA reaction has a HIGH SENSITIVITY to the low concentration of miRNA. Specificity evaluation assay was also performed under similar methods as mentioned above, which then, affirmed the HIGH SPECIFICITY of RCA reaction even under close-to-field input samples.

(Figure 3)

Considering the concentration of let7 family members in serum were around hundred fM levels according to the previous literature¹, we analyzed the significance of fluorescence signal divergence between 500 fM and 1 pM of let7a dissolved both in DEPC-treated water and in 7% human serum. Results demonstrated that the fluorescence signal of 1 pM group were significantly higher than that of 500 fM group both in these two dissolved conditions (Figure 4). Therefore, we could believe that this method is capable of monitoring the variation of serum let7a concentration during cancer development. 

(Figure 4)

Moving toward a visualized miRNA detecting method

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To move our experiments toward conditions with relatively low tech-condition, we mainly focused on the VISUALIZATION and FURTHER AMPLIFICATION of RCA outputs. For such matters, a single guide-RNA mediated CRISPR-Cas9 system and a split-HRP reporting system was then introduced since the proper designed sgRNA-dCas9 system could provide a relatively solid binding among RCA production and dCas9 protein and split-HRP reporter could robustly amplify and visualize the upstream signal. Thus, fusion proteins containing split-HRP fragments and dCas9 protein, namely sHRP-C-dCas9 and sHRP-N-dCas9 were designed and cloned onto expression vector. Then, the plasmid was sequencing verified and transformed into the E.coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells. After a 16h culture under 18 ℃ with (or without, as control group) 0.5mM IPTG induction, cells were collected and lysed by high pressure homogenizer. Subsequent purification was performed by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose affinity chromatography according to the standard protocol. As examined by SDS-PAGE and Western blots (probed with an anti-His-tag antibody), both of these proteins were successfully expressed and purified as a high degree of purity up to 90% (Figure 5).

(Figure 5)

Once gained purified fusion proteins, HRP activity assay was performed trying to visualize and signal-augment previous gained RCA output (Figure 6A). In such assay, TMB was used as substrate to form blue-colored TMB diamine as a visible signal. This reaction was then halted by addition of 0.16M sulfuric acid and turned the solution into yellow with maximum absorbance at 450nm. Also, different concentrations of fusion protein were tested to further improving the system effectiveness.

Similarly, the RCA result collected from the group started with a water-disolved miRNA input was tested as a proof of concept. The OD₄₅₀ results showed a significant variation among groups with different protein concentration, whereas the group with 0.4μM showed an outcome with better significance among groups with different miRNA input concentration (Figure 6B). Images taken right before adding the sulfuric acid also gave a clue that visual difference could be obtained among different amount of input microRNAs under all tested protein concentrations, and 0.4μM of protein concentration was then proven to be the optimal among all protein concentrations tested. At the meantime, results also showed a significant variation among groups with different type of input miRNA (Figure 6C), which implied a great specificity of such scheme.

(Figure 6)

When working with samples collected from the group started with a serum-disolved miRNA input, similar trends to the water-disolved ones were shown on OD₄₅₀ results and visual/imaging analyzation (Figure 7A, B). Which then, indicated that the visualization and further amplification of RCA outputs COULD BE ACHIEVED through the single guide-RNA mediated CRISPR-Cas9 system and a split-HRP reporting system in a CLOSE-TO-FIELD CONDITION.

(Figure 7)

Detection workflow validation with samples from NSCLC patients

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Building on previous experiments, we then sought to test our system in actual samples from patient serum. For such matters, we collected serum samples from 5 healthy volunteers and 5 volunteered non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients under their consent. Patient group was formed by two phase III patients, two phase IV patients and one phase V patient. To evaluate the optimal explosion effect of the serum miRNAs, which were previously reported to mainly exist as RNA-protein complex or even in exosomes, for further detection, we used different methods for the pre-treatment of serum samples (Figure 8A). RCA reaction followed by a Sybr I fluorescence assay revealed that both the approaches of serum RNA extraction by TRIzol LS and 10% serum boiled in 95℃ for 15 min can show a significantly lower concentration of let-7a in NSCLC patients compared to healthy people, and the latter is more convenient and effective (Figure 8B). Which then, made the low-cost, high efficient RNA extraction possible for field-ready detection of miRNAs in serum sample. The concentration difference of serum let-7a between NSCLC patients and healthy people determined by our method was corroborated to the previous literature reported 20%-60% decrease measured through qRT-PCR².

(Figure 8)

Putting all previous mentioned methods together, the complete work flow for tube-based serum miRNA detection was tested with previously collected samples from healthy people and NSCLC patients. After a 200-min detection process, containing serum pre-treatment, RCA reaction, dCas9 binding and HRP activity assay (Figure 8C), results showed that observable color difference could be obtained among healthy people and NSCLC patients (Figure 8D). The OD₄₅₀ result obtained after adding sulfuric acid also showed significant differences among two groups (Figure 8E).

Referense

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1          Chen, X. et al. A combination of Let-7d, Let-7g and Let-7i serves as a stable reference for normalization of serum microRNAs. PLoS One 8, e79652, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079652 (2013).

2          Jeong, H. C. et al. Aberrant expression of let-7a miRNA in the blood of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Mol Med Rep 4, 383-387, doi:10.3892/mmr.2011.430 (2011).