Overview

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In our project this year, we designed a novel cell-free platform built with synthetic bio-components to achieve the low-cost, handy and visualized detection of serum miRNAs, which can be employed in low-resource settings. The idea that we chose this topic was to serve the world with a novel early cancer detection system that could help more people, especially in remote areas to take early screening and detection of cancers.

However, to help with the fight against cancer, developing new technologies and applications is not enough. Thus we distributed our Human Practice work in three parts based on our project.

HP Modules	Activities
Collaborations with hospital & health center.	Interviews with doctors.	Survey in the hospital.	Sample collecting.
Product evaluation.	Making investigations of marker demands.	Evaluating potentials and costs of our product.
Raising awareness.	Different activities for all ages to arouse the awareness of cancer & early cancer detection and to publize our project to the world.

Collaborations with Hospital & Health Center

Including interviews with doctors, survey in the hospital and sample collecting for wet lab.

Product Evaluation

Including investigation of marker demands, evaluating potentials and costs of our product.

Raising Awareness

In this part we organized different activities for all ages to arouse the awareness of cancer & early cancer detection and to publize our project to the world.

PART I

COLLABORATIONS WITH HOSPITAL & HEALTH CENTER

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Considering the fact that our project this year had a close relationship with cancer, and the aim of our project was to create a novel clinical application---handy, low-cost blood-microRNA detetion system, we attached great importance to medical professionalism. Thus we turned to doctors from First Xiangya Hospital affiliated to CSU, Second Xiangya Hospital affiliated to CSU and Health Center of NUDT as our medical professional consultant in the whole process of the project.

 

Interviews with Doctors  (Click for More)

1.Dr.Li Wenjin, Hematology Department, First Xiangya Affiliated Hospital of CSU

(1)Procedure of Current Cancer Detection

Dr.Li mentions the procedure of current cancer detection,including extracting DNA from blood cells, amplifying it with PCR and then getting its sequences.Detection varies from diseases and gene chip(detection for all genes) also could be applied with enough money.However, only some genes are of necessity to be detected for individuals.

(2)Gap Exists Between Clinical Application and Basic Research

There was distance between clinical application and basic research in early detection of cancer. For instance, some means of early cancer detection still had a long way to go before proved efficacious---commonly 5-10 years experimental validation phase is integral to clinical application.

(3)Stability of MiRNA in Blood is Doubted

Dr.Li shows her concern about the instability of miRNA when the topic is involved with miRNA and its potential application in early detection of cancer.However,she also mentions that as a clinical doctor,she doesn’t have much research time so that she is not expert in miRNA field.Meanwhile,Dr.Li says that they clinical doctors usually pay more attention on developed technology instead of the developing one and her knowledge about miRNA comes from papers.

(4)Efficiency of MiRNA Detection is Not Guaranteed

Dr.Li says that they clinician commonly assess the severity not only by the gene detection,but also by patients’ clinical symptoms,chromosome. The oncologists even need to do the Immunohistochemical checker and pathology section to make sure.So they suspect a bit about the efficiency of early cancer detection due to the lack of pathological symptoms and currently so-so specified biomarkers in patients’ early stage.

(5)Prospect of MiRNA Is Expected

Dr.Li hopes that the team of NUDT_CHINA would find a way to detect cancer, with much greater specificity and fewer side effects, so that more targeted medicine could be invented to kill cancer tumors. She also figures that early cancer detection could help people carried with household hereditary disease factors.Additionally, the index of miRNA could help alert people to pay more attention to their living habits and health condition as well.

2.Dr.Hou Tao, Oncology Department，Second Xiangya Affiliated Hospital of CSU

(1)Current situation of tumor biomarker test

We asked Dr.Hou about some details about current tumor biomarker test the hospital usuallly suggested patients to take. And this helped us learn more about the current situation of tumor biomarker test.

a.Biomarker tests in health exams

In a normal health exam, there is an optional choice of tumor biomarker test including tests for 12 biomarkers of most frequent cancers, which is called ‘set 12’ by doctors. Talking about taking the biomarker tests, Dr.Hou said that the popularity of biomarker tests was increasing in oncology department in hospitals in China. And with more people getting familiar with tumor biomarker test, it was gaining increasing attention, and a great number of healthy people requested tumor biomarker test in their health exams, especially the elder. Tumor biomarker tests are gaining increasing attention from the crowd.

b.Details of a normal biomarker test in health exams

Contents of ‘set 12’ biomarker test in a normal health exam:

CA19-9	Beta-HCG	CA125
NSE	AFPHY	Ferritin
CEA	Free-PSA	HGH
CA242	PSA	CA15-3

Cost of the test for 12 biomarkers, or the ‘set 12’ is ￥500, including biomarkers of breast cancer, liver cancer and so on. Dr.Hou also told us that the validness of biomarkers was not so optimistic, thus could only work as a reference for diagnosis of cancers.

(2)Advice for The Project---SPLIT-GFP, SPLIT LUCIFERASE, OR SPLIT HRP?

To improve the sensitivity and specificity of RCA output signal and to visualize the RCA outputs in the wet-lab experiments, we designed a single guide RNA mediated dCas9 binding system and a conjugated reporting system. However, dilemma came that split-luciferase, split-HRP and split-GFP all seemed to meet our requirements of reporting the signal. Which was the best fit?

Firstly we searched for information of the three reporting systems:

	Color reaction principle	Requirements for color reaction
HRP	Catalyze TMB to change color	Protoheme as cofactor
GFP	Absorbs light at a certain length and fluoresces	Light at a certain length as motivator Fluorescence microscope
Luciferase	Catalyse luciferin and make it fluorence	Fluorescence microscope

Then we turned to our medical consultant Dr.Hou and asked him about suggestions of our reporting system.

We analyzed the situation together, had a talk about our novel blood-microRNA detection system, and discussed the disadvantages of current early cancer detection methods as well as expected new points of our project. Finally this helped us decide which reporting system we would use---the split-HRP.

 

Survey In The Hospital & Health Center  (Click for More)

We did surveys in Second Xiangya Hospital affiliated to CSU and Health Center of NUDT about details of current early cancer detection methods, which acted as a reference to our project. Here is a summary.

METHOD	COST (RMB)	TIME	ADVANTAGE	DISADVANTAGE	POPULARITY
PET-CT	7000-8000	2-3h	Detection for early and advanced tumor No pain Valid	Expensive Rare Radiation Condition requirements (not fit for remote  areas)	270 in the whole country (data source:2011-2015 National PET-CT Plan by Chinese Department of Health)
CT	200-500	20min	Most effective for tumors in nervous system, head, chest and abdomen	Only functions on a certain part Radiation Condition restriction	Rare in counties and remote areas
Tumor biomarker test	500 (including 12 biomarkers)	10min (sample gathering)	Easy to operate No side effects	Requirements for instruments Low validness Narrow testing range	City or central hospital

Conclusion drawn from the result:

a.Costs of current early cancer detection methods vary largely, but on the whole the price is not low, which may make it hard for poor families to afford. Plus, it may also turn down people’s positivity to take early cancer detection.

b.These test methods have high need of good external condition, eg. Electricity, instruments, operation environment. These may restrict the early cancer detection in big cities or counties, leaving remote area aside.

c.Popularity of these test methods is low, which we can see from the result that people almost can take early cancer detection only in developed cities or counties. This makes it hard for people in remote areas, such as rural districts and behindhand villages, where cancer occurrence rate is also high and cancer death rate is even higher because of backward medical services.

From these we can tell that a novel early cancer detection method that is more convenient, cheaper and has less requirements for environment is in great need. And this is exactly what our project this year is striving for.

 

Sample Collection for Wet Lab  (Click for More)

Since our project this year was to develop a blood-microRNA detection system as a novel method for early cancer detection, and results of previous wet lab all confirmed the effect of our detection system, it was necessary to apply it to serum as a final confirmation. We came to the health exam center of Affiliated Hospital of NUDT and talked with doctors and 5 non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients about our need for serum samples to and got their support and permission. Also we had 30 healthy postgraduates from NUDT as our volunteer of serum samples. And we collected the blood samples with the help of doctors.

1.Approve of the Informed Consent Form

We submitted the Informed Consent Form to the department of ethics in NUDT. After days of checking it was approved to use.

2. Consultation with doctors

Firstly we found Dr.Tan, one of the principles in the department of clinical lab of the health center. He introduced the formal process of collecting blood samples to us and approved our Informed Consent Form. Dr.Tan also helped us with the collecting work.

3.Meeting with sample groups

We talked to 5 cancer patients in different stages of NSCLC as well as 30 healthy volunteers. We introduced what we had been working on and explained what we would do with their blood samples. We also made a security guarantee that we would keep their personal information as secret.

4.Processes of sample gathering

a. Determination of sample group of patients and healthy volunteers and register their information.

b. Filling in Informed Consent Form and diagnostic information.

c.Doctors collected 5L blood sample/person with coagulation tube and match each with the person’s information(including name, age and extra information as AD, stages of NSCLC, etc from cancer patients).

d.Samples transmitted to professional operators and serum was separated.

e.Registering samples in the information management system and setting up links with the Informed Consent Form.

f.Sample serum was transmitted to cryopreserve tubes and placed in -80℃ in the lab.

PART II

PRODUCT EVALUATION

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Market Demands  (Click for More)

Previously we did surveys in hospitals and health center about current early cancer detection methods. To gather more information, we searched the Internet about the same issue. Here is the summary.

Looking at both results we found that the biggest disadvanges of current early cancer detection were costs and side effects. And this informed us of the direction our project should strive for---handy and low cost. Thus we made a cost evaluation for our product-to-be. Here are the results.

 

Cost Evaluation  (Click for More)

We made an evaluation of efficiency and price of our detection system in this part to see how much our product may decrease the cost of biomarker detection for cancer, or to say how much our project could help the world with.

The other reason we made this cost evaluation was to make it a feedback for the project and find other aspects it may develop itself in.

The following is the evaluation of our expected product cost.(Click here to view details of contents, instrument, reagents and experimental procedure of our potential product.)

1.Project Contents

miRNA extraction; Incubation from protein and sgRNA; Fluorescence coloration

2.Major Instruments and Reagents

(1)Instruments

Centrifugal machine, Freeze drying machine, 37 degree constant temperature box, Filter paper and other laboratory supplies, Computers and printers

(2)Reagents

Ribonuclease inhibitor, Double distilled water, Special probe , Phi29 DNA polymerase, Buffer phi29, BSA, dNTP, Cas9 protein,and sgRNA

3.Experimental Procedure

Firstly,freeze-dry the required reagents (such as enzymes, proteins, buffer, etc.) in a solid carrier (filter paper, etc.).

Then,get serum from provided blood, boil to destroy binding between miRNA and protein and extract miRNA.

Finally,add extracted miRNA to the solid carrier and wait for coloration,compare with the standard color card to estimate contents of miRNA.

1.Cost Evaluation

name of reagents	Unit price	Use level	Equivalent
Ribonuclease inhibitor	$32.2/200ml	37.6ul	$0.006
phi29 DNA polymerase	$70.5/250U(10U/ul)	0.6ul	$1.692
Buffer phi29	$19.5/5ml	3ul	$0.012
dNTP	$12.0/1ml	7.2ul	$0.086
Special probe	$0.16	one	$0.163
Cas9 protein	$22.3/g	1ul(0.2uM)	$0.713
double distilled water	$3.0/25kg	491.2ul	$0.000

Assuming that the protein can be made to the level of industrial production, the total reagent cost is about $2.672.

Name of equipment	Business	Price
centrifugal machine	TGL-16 high speed centrifuge (1.5ml*12 hole)	$77.979
Freeze dryer	LY-15AC high efficiency freezing and drying machine	$450.224
Constant temperature box	DH-250AB electric heating constant temperature incubator	$335.908
HP printers	HP color laser integrated machine	$427.382

All of these machines can be used for long and we don’t need to take them while testing miRNA outside. So we consider loss only. Centrifugal machine is used to extract serum while freeze dryer is used to freeze-dry relative reagents in the test paper. We apply HP color laser integrated machine to make colorimetric card.Briefly,the loss price is about $0.3.

2.Interpretation of Result

(1)The total price of our project is around $3.

During the experiment, we found that this method can achieve requirements of high sensitivity, low cost and easy operation.

(2)Comparisons with some other quantitative miRNA detection methods.

a.miRNA Real-time qPCR

project	contents		price	period
miRNA SYBR Green I Relative quantification	Basic cost	Primer synthesis	$223.2/miRNA	4-5weeks
	Sample detection fee	number＜10	$44.6/sample·gene
		number≥10	$29.8/sample·gene

miRNA CHIP

CHIP Name	miRNA	Probe Repetition	Price
RiboArrayTM Human Array 1*12K	2588	3	$595.3
Human brain cancer miRNA PCR Array	84	\	$714.4
TaqMan® Array Human microRNA Panel V2.0	667	8	$892.9
miRCURY LNA? Universal RT microRNA PCR Array	\	\	$297.6

From the comparisons, we can easily draw the conclusion that:

a.Our product-to-be costs only $3 in each round, it has an overwhelming advantage in cost.

b.The reporting system of our project is the split-HRP, which satisfied the need of a new visible signal showing method. Thus, we eliminated heavy instruments and strict environment requests, finally making it possible to put it into wide use in remote areas which lack qualified conditions for current early cancer detection methods.

c.Our project is expected to solve the problem of lack of early cancer detection methods in remote areas as well as places bad in medical conditions.

PART III

RAISING AWARENESS

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In the project this year, the aim of our creation of the product was to detect blood-microRNA thus to promote early cancer detection and then to help the world.

However, to realize helping the world, this is far from enough. Thus we scheduled a series of Human Practice works for all ages to expand our project and ideas out of the lab---we raised people’s awareness of cancer&early cancer detection.

Internet Survey For The Public

In this survey about cancer and early cancer detection, we we chose netizens as our respondent, thus the results would be more objective and random. And we may get more comprehensive and true answers. We designed an Internet survey and put it on social media. Until we stopped the Internet survey, there were 524 netizens who took part in it.

The survey mainly involved the three aspects:

(1)How much the public knew about early cancer detection.

(2)What their main problems were when seeking for early cancer detection.

(3)To publize knowledge of cancer,early cancer detection and our project

a. What do you think of our project?

b. What do you think is acceptable of our project?

c.Do you expect to see our product put in to market?

The data from this survey reflected that although most people attached great importance to early cancer detection, not so many of them knew much about cancer detection, which reminded us that if we wanted to help the world with our handy tumor biomarkers detection system, lateral publicity of early cancer detection to arouse people’s awareness would play a vital role.

What’s more, people had the idea to take early cancer detection, but were stopped by the high cost, possible radiation and operating complexity of current methods. Thus our handy, low-cost detection system may have great hope to decrease the pressure of high cost and complex steps of current early cancer detection methods.

We also learned that people held great expectations towards our project. However, validness of our product were what they doubted most, which was also a common problem of almost all biomarker tests. This reminded us that we must try to raise the validness of the product in our lataral work.

Ethics

Since the idea this year has a close relationship with cancer early detection, we had a discussion standing in shoes of cancer patients. (click to view details of our discussion)

Here are some typical topics:

Q1: What problems cancer patients may meet with in their life?

Q2: Should patients with advanced tumor stop the treatment?

Q3: Whether women should remove breast as they have mammary cancer and couldn’t have conservative operation?

We held this discussion in the laboratory, and called on several students from different majors(eg. Chemistry, Medicine, Electronic Engineering) to take part. As we talked gradually deeper, our moods became increasingly low. Cancer has been a monster for so many years, but the ethical issues of treatment, finance, lie or tell and social assistance have never had an answer.

This year what we want to spread is not only a novel early cancer detection system, but also awareness of people with cancer. We are all weak in the face of diseases, especially deadly ones like cancer. Only if we pay attention to our health and stay alert for accidental diseases can we live a healthy life for long.

Grandpas and Grannys’ Mini Lecture

We planned mini lectures of knowledge of cancer and early cancer detection in several districts mainly for the elder to increase their attention to early cancer detection. Also we wanted to spread the idea that early cancer was not terrifying and could be cured or prevented. Finally , we publicized knowledge about synthetic biology, iGEM, and our project this year.

Lab day for high school students

We invited several high school students who were enthusiastic about biology and their teachers from Changsha No.1 High School to our laboratory. As for the activities, firstly we made a presentation about synthetic biology, iGEM and our project. Then we showed these guests around our lab and introduced our instruments and experiments, and guided them to carry out some interesting biology experiments including polymerase digest and electrophoresis.

Fun game with our topic

Adventure of iGEM is a third person adventure game that aims at introducing iGEM and our project this year to everyone in an interesting way.

A normal student named Itazk joins the team of iGEM. One day he falls asleep in the lab and has a dream. In this dream, he must work out some puzzles to find artifacts of NUDT’s blood-microRNA detection system and defeat Monster Cancer.

Long-term sustainability

To help our project leave a deep impression on people, also to expand the range of our publicity, we made useful little things with knowledge of cancer/early cancer detection/iGEM for families as souveniors.

These are mini posters we designed for everyone. The contents of the posters are knowledges of cancer and early cancer detection in Chinese. We put the poster on small fans and gave them away to the crowd. Passengers were very fond of these little things. Some even consulted about the contents, which made us feel our plan meaningful.