We spoke to several planetary scientists about the profound significance of responsible research on planets like Mars and Venus and on moons like Titan and Europa. These researchers included James Head, Louis and Elizabeth Scherck Distinguished Professor of Geological Sciences at Brown University, investigator on several NASA and Russian Space missions, and current co-investigator for the NASA MESSENGER mission to Mercury and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter; Lynn J. Rothschild, evolutionary biologist and astrobiologist at NASA Ames Research Center, Professor of Astrobiology and Space Exploration at Stanford and Brown Universities, and our team mentor; Jill Tarter, Bernard M. Oliver Chair for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Research at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California; and Dr. Alan Stern, former chief of all space and Earth science programs (2007-2008), current leader of NASA’s New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, and current Chief Scientist at World View Enterprises, a company developing high-altitude balloons for commercial use in research and private space exploration. (Click here to see video interviews with Professor Head, Professor Rothschild and Dr. Tarter.)

These researchers conveyed the inestimable value of origin-of-life research on other planets, which helps us better understand and appreciate humans’ position in the universe. Such research forces us to reconsider our definitions of “life” -- if we found “life” on another planet, would we recognize it? -- and to confront the precariousness of human existence -- what were the conditions that allowed life to appear and evolve? Research on Mars also implicitly explores the possibility of human interplanetary colonization.

Mars research (like research on other planets) is expensive in terms of both money and time. It depends upon sturdy, efficient research tools that can supply information to current scientists without compromising future studies. In theory, the ability to develop biological research tools (like our balloon) onsite, eliminating the need to transport additional resources from Earth, would propel such research forward. However, any benefit would be quickly negated if those tools were to contaminate a planet with live organisms from Earth.

Developers of biotechnology for space research therefore need to go to great lengths to mitigate the risk of interplanetary contamination. NASA’s Office of Planetary Protection (https://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/about) has established a set of guidelines by which to evaluate appropriate precautions for planetary research. These guidelines are designed to protect “solar system bodies […] from contamination by Earth life, and [to protect] Earth from possible life forms that may be returned from other solar system bodies.” The policies most relevant to our summer research include “NPR 8020.12D: Planetary Protection Provisions for Robotic Extraterrestrial Missions” (http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_8020_012D_&page_name=main&search_term=8020%2E12) and “NPG 8020.7G: Biological Control for Outbound and Inbound Planetary Spacecraft” (http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PD_8020_007G_&page_name=main&search_term=8020%2E7). Since our bioballoon would ideally be used for research on planets with the potential to support Earth life, it would need to comply with the Mission Category IVb and IVc regulations designed for landing/probe missions investigating extant life on Mars.

After reviewing these documents, we quickly realized that if we wanted to develop a practical tool for interplanetary life research, that tool would need to be completely devoid of life. Though our materials could be produced in living organisms, the final balloon mechanisms would need to work in vitro. We then determined our project categories through the following logic:

We would need to produce materials in bacteria that could be used for a balloon membrane. These materials would need to be extracted from the bacteria and thoroughly purified before balloon construction.